쇼와 천황昭和天皇1901년 4월 29일 ~ 1989년 1월 7일일본의 제124대 천황1926년 12월 25일 ~ 1989년 1월 7일히로히토裕仁미치노미야迪宮다이쇼 천황과 구조 공작가의 당주[1] 구조 미치타카[주해 1]의 딸 데이메이 황후의 맏아들 메이지 천황이 확립한 일세일원제에 따라 재위 기간 동안 쓴 연호는 쇼와당시 아시아 유수의 강대국이던 일본에서는 대공황으로 인한 경제적 침체가 있었고, 그러한 배경 속에서 제국주의의 팽창론이 세력을 크게 불려 1930년대 후반에는 결국 천황을 비호하고 정부를 장악한 군부가 중국과 인도차이나 등을 침략하기에 이른다이후 일본제국은 미국과 벌인 태평양 전쟁에서 패배하였고, 쇼와 천황은 전범 기소와 황위 박탈은 면했으나 연합군 최고사령부에 의해 군국주의를 철저히 배제한 새로운 헌법이 제정되어 쇼와 천황 및 앞으로의 천황들에게서 정치적 실권은 빼앗기게 된다1912년 7월 29일, 메이지 천황이 세상을 떠났다1921년 3월 3일에 히로히토와 간인노미야 고토히토 친왕, 진다 스테미 백작, 나라 다케지 육군중장과 수행원 34명이 도쿄역을 출발하여 해외 순방길에 올랐다. 이들은 요코하마에서 가토리 호를 타고 5월 7일에 영국에 도착했으며, 그 후로 영국에서 24일간, 프랑스에서 26일간, 벨기에와 네덜란드에서 각각 5일간, 이탈리아에서 8일간 머물렀다.[22] 히로히토는 순방 중에 영국 왕세자 웨일스 공과 국왕 조지 5세, 벨기에 왕 알베르 1세, 이탈리아 왕 비토리오 에마누엘레 3세, 교황 베네딕토 15세 등을 만났으며 7월 18일에 유럽을 떠나 9월 2일 지바현 다테야마를 거쳐 다음날인 3일에 요코하마로 돌아왔다딸이 태어난 것을 계기로 히로히토는 궁 안에서 항상 지내야 했던 궁녀들에게 통근을 허락했으며, 후궁 제도를 폐지하고 궁녀의 수를 줄이기로 했다1931년 9월 18일 밤, 만주 사변1931년 12월 23일, 관동군이 내각의 명령을 무시하고 진저우를 점령했다.[53] 미국, 영국, 프랑스는 관동군의 진저우 점령을 9개국 조약을 위반한 행동이라 지적했지만 쇼와 천황은 이에 아랑곳 않고 이듬해인 1932년 1월 8일 관동군에게 칙어를 내려 “스스로를 지키기 위해 중국 비적과 맞서 싸워 황군의 위엄을 세계에 드높였다”며 정부의 통제를 무시한 관동군을 치하했다.[53] 3월 9일, 관동군은 만주의 관동군 점령 지역을 떼어 괴뢰 국가인 만주국을 수립하고 청나라의 마지막 황제였던 선통제 푸이를 명목 상의 군주로 옹립쇼와 천황은 같은 해 1월 8일, 도쿄 사쿠라다몬에서 한국의 독립운동가 이봉창이 던진 폭탄에 암살당할 뻔했으나 살아남았다1937년 7월 8일, 루거우차오 사건이 일어났다.12월 14일에 난징을 점령한 뒤, 일본군은 아사카노미야의 참모장 이누마 마모루의 주도로, 비무장 상태로 아직 난징과 그 주변에서 벗어나지 못한 중국군 패잔병들을 붙잡아 소년과 성인 남자 약 17,000명 이상을 살해했으며, 17일에는 예정대로 마쓰이와 아사카노미야의 승전 기념 행진이 열렸다.[71] 일본군은 난징 성과 그 주변 지역에서 석 달이 넘도록 살인, 강간, 약탈, 방화를 자행했으며 일본 육군 소위 두 명이 저지른 ‘중국인 100명 목 베기 시합’은 도쿄니치니치 신문에 몇 번이고 게재되기도 했다.[70][72] 일본군은 난징에서 자행한 범죄 행위의 보도를 금지하고 미화하려 했으며, 통제를 강요당한 일본과 조선의 언론들은 “난징에서 많은 포로가 잡히고 중국인들의 시신이 대량으로 묻혔다”는 식의 보도만을 했을 뿐이다.[70][73] 하지만 난징의 전쟁 범죄는 미국과 유럽에서 온 소수의 기자들을 중심으로 세상에 알려졌으며, 욘 라베를 비롯해 아직 난징에 남아있던 외국인들은 난징 안전지대를 구성해 약 20만 ~ 30만의 피난민들을 수용하기도 했다.[74]쇼와 천황을 비롯한 일본 황실과 정부는 일본군이 난징에서 자행한 전쟁 범죄에 대해 알고 있었다쇼와 천황은 군에서 해임되어 도쿄로 돌아온[75] 마쓰이에게 마쓰이의 임무 성공을 치하하는 칙서를 내렸으며 1940년에서야 돌아온 아사카노미야에게는 훈장을 내리는 식으로[70] 난징에서의 전쟁 범죄를 묵인했다.중일 전쟁이 교착 상태에 빠졌고, 제2차 세계 대전이 한창 벌어지던 1940년 9월, 쇼와 천황은 《대륙명 제458호》를 내려 일본의 프랑스령 인도차이나 침략을 승낙했다1941년 12월 8일, 야마모토 이소로쿠와 나구모 주이치가 이끄는 해군이 하와이주 진주만을 폭격하였고, 이어 일본군은 루손섬 클라크 항공 기지, 싱가포르, 괌, 다바오, 웨이크섬을 공습했다.[83] 진주만 공격을 비롯한 일본군의 대규모 공습은 선전포고 없이 벌어졌고 쇼와 천황은 진주만 공격이 일어나고 8시간 가까이 지난 일본 시간 오전 11시에야 선전 조서를 발표하였다1945년 5월 아돌프 히틀러가 자살하고 나치 독일의 대통령 칼 되니츠는 서부 전선의 연합군과 만나 무조건 항복 문서에 서명했다.[98] 미국군은 마지막 추축국인 일본의 본토에 무차별 야간 공습을 실시했다. 도쿄시와 그 주변 지역에서만 많게는 10만 명이 소이탄 폭격으로 타죽었다.그리하여 미국은 몰락 작전의 일환으로 규슈 남부 침공 작전과 원자 폭탄 사용을 추진했다. 8월 6일, ‘에놀라 게이’라는 애칭을 단 B-29 폭격기가 히로시마에 원자 폭탄을 투하해 10만 명 이상의 즉사자를 냈으며[주해 20], 8월 9일에는 나가사키에도 원자 폭탄을 투하해 4만 명 이상이 죽음을 당했다. 같은 날 소비에트 연방은 일본이 포츠담 선언을 거부했다는 것을 구실로, 불가침 조약을 깨고 만주를 침공했다8월 15일 정오, 쇼와 천황이 전날에 녹음한 일명 옥음방송(玉音放送)이 라디오를 통해 퍼졌다흘 뒤인 8월 17일에는 아시아와 태평양 전역의 전장에 전투를 중지하고 무장 해제를 명하는 《육해군인에게 내리는 칙어》를 발표하였다일본 제국은 패전국이 됐으며, 일본 제국이 강제로 지배하고 있던 조선은 미국과 소련의 관리체제로 들어갔고 타이완은 청나라를 계승한 중화민국을 이끄는 장제스에게 반환되었으나 후에 장제스는 중국 공산당에게 중국 본토를 빼앗기고 대만섬으로 도주했다.1945년 8월 30일, 연합군 최고사령관에 새로 임명된 더글러스 맥아더가 요코하마시에 임시 사령부를 차렸다. 도착 사흘 뒤인 9월 2일, 시게미쓰 마모루 외상과 천황 대리인단은 도쿄 만의 미주리 호에서 항복 문서에 정식으로 조인했다극동 국제 군사 재판상징적 군주가 되다한국 전쟁이 일어났고, 맥아더는 인천 상륙 작전으로 전세를 역전시켰지만 만주 공격 문제로 경질당하면서 매슈 리지웨이가 새로 GHQ 사령관이 됐다1975년 10월, 쇼와 천황 내외는 미국을 처음이자 마지막으로 공식 방문쇼와 천황은 결국 이듬해인 1989년 1월 7일 오전 6시 33분, 가족들이 함께한 자리에서 88세의 나이로 세상을 떠났다630128-1067814박종권과관계관련된중요인물중하나,아베신조,명치천황및역대일본천황전체,쇼군이상막부정권(토요토미히데요시,도쿠가와이에야스)및내각총리대신및장관이상급전원연관관계됨.MALDEK악룡의현신아바타로서말데크악룡그자신중하나로서히로히토.이사람과관계관련된것은너무도많아서글로서단순하게쓸수없다.다만,현시대포톤벨트및PLEIADIANS KEYS TO THE LIVING LIBRARY를 쓴 미국의 바바라마시니액을 수장으로 하는 아플레이아데스계보에 속하는 자로서의 히로히토이며, 아플레이아데스계열,나박종권이를준주신체,준우주체로만든후,그내부로약4000인이상의시조격으로서의라이라아종계보아플레이아데스인들이무단잠입하여나박종권이의+22원등급지위서열신분을동일하게원본래로서위조각하고지구인으로위전생하여시작된것이현근대시대의지구문명시작점이며,그렇게하지않으면이들로서는지구인으로서는태어날자격조차도없었으며살더라도상거지꼴을한유인원수준에서살아야했다.나박종권이가왜이들과연관관계되었는지는모르며,다만원인경로불명으로서MALDEK악룡과부적절한부모자식관계를가진것이1차원인으로지목되다.나박종권이를원본래로삼은이들은무엇을하든나박종권이가한일로서처리하는술수로서모든죄업악업흉업을나박종권이의전체에게뒤집어씌우고결과로서벌을받거나고통받는것을피해갔으며그어떤못된짓나쁜짓을하더라도처벌을피하였고그로서엄청난살육과파괴가자행된1,2차세계대전이후에는오히려더욱더잘살고더부귀영화한세계를만들며전범자들로서의독일일본이선진국이되고부정정사등으로중범죄를자행했던영국이영연방으로서나,우리,원본래계의귀중한자산들대부분을절취강탈하여오늘날빛나는영광과긍지속에서대영제국에버금가는제국시대를성취한다.오늘날영국은전세계자산의78%를독식하고최고의천계수준의부귀호사영광을누린다.이렇게된배경은말데크악룡계열의식인인육물육건육을목적으로하는인간류전체의노예종족화와영구지배그리고이를통한영구복락의추구이다.인간류해방을위해서쓴글로보여지는PLEIADIANS KEYS TO THE LIVING LIBRARY역시도 기망,거짓,허위속임수이며, 전부가 식인파충류놈들의 위간계로서 인간류로서의 비파충류계열과 휴만계열등 하위은하계종족계를 속이고 기만하기 위하여 저희들끼리 아종계에서 벌리는 자작극에 불과했다.우리가 지구같은 암흑계를 광명계로 이끌고 번영과 평화를 성취했으며 짐승노예로서 다루던 자들을 해방시키고 인권과 권리를 회복시키는 위업을 이룩했다고 개망발질을 쳐댄후, 은하계황금용으로 전개한 것이다. 전부 거짓이다. 특히 지구인역사에 기술된 모든 내용들이 전부 거짓이며 허위이다.하지만 이들이 주장하는 광명계는 나 박종권이가 죽기살기로 치고 받고 싸운 결과이지 이들이 한 것이 아니다.다만 이 자들은 다른 사람이 한 일을 제놈이 한일로 능수능란하게 위변경 위개조하는 술수를 가진다. 나박종권이란 여기에 있는 나를 의미한다기보다는, 나박종권이와 연관관계된 모든 사람들을 말한다. 준동급타계, 상천연합, 휴만종족연합(이름하여 엘로힘연합이다. 여호와는 도적놈이며 엘로힘이 아니다.), 와우연합과 기타 알려지지 않은 다른 선배고수고인들이다. 아틀란티스전투비행사가 있다. 이 아틀란티스전투비행사들이 없었다면, 인간류는 숨조차 쉴수없었을 것이다. 우주전투비행사들이 있다. 이들이 없었다면, 우주 전체는 가축농장이 되고 반주들의 왕국으로 변했을 것이다.이와같이 눈에 안보이고 알려지지는 않았지만, 그런 일을 하는 사람들이 있고, 그런 사람들은 내가 이렇게 했다고 말하지 않는다. 침묵하고 알리지 않으며 아무도 모르게 행하는 것이다. 어리고 유치한 무리들이 내가 했다고 말한다.나박종권이가 이렇게 글을 쓰는 이유는, 이건희때문인데, 이렇게 할때 이건희가 누군지를 알게 하기에 그렇다. 특히 내가 했다고 말할수록 어리고 유치한 짐승무리들이라는 점을 기억해두자. 지금도 내가 뭘 하면 무조건 제놈이 했다고 말하고 무조건 칼부림, 주먹질, 발길질, 살인질을 일삼고 지옥을 방불케하는 무서운 살인협박질을 자행하는 곳이 이 지구라는 곳이고, 지구세계에 자유와 평화를 가져왔다고 말하는 잡놈들이다.특히 히로히토같은 경우는, 최악의 타격을 나에게 가한 자로서, 죽음의 분비물로 일컬어지는 최음섹스마법의 정화체들을 악용하여 나의 영혼을 파괴하고, 제놈의 노예종으로 만들려고 했으며, 일본제국의 모든 죄업악업흉업을 모조리 나박종권이의 전체에게 뒤집어 씌우려 했다.(말데크악룡)이에 협조한 것은 지구인들을 승천시킨다고 설레발이를 쳐대고 우주적기만질을 일삼고 있는 바바바마시니액과 플레이아데스연방놈들이다. 이들은 포톤벨트인지 나발인지 우주의 암흑기와 광명기의 순환을 운운하고 그 간극사이에 지구인들이 승천한다는 식의 개망발질을 일삼는다. 전부 거짓이다. 여기서 승천한다고 말하는 지구인들이란 전부 사람을 잡아먹고 사는 식인파충류무리로서, 원본래인간류나 사람들을 잡아먹거나 도살학살멸족시키고 지옥음옥등에 가둔후, 그들의 것을 빼앗아서 사람으로 위조각하여 사람행세를 하면서 살고 있는 가짜거짓인간류, 가짜거짓지구인들을 말한다. 진짜지구인들은 전부 죽었고 아무도 없다. 이들이 마지막으로서 대량살육과 도살질을 자행한 곳은, 태양계 해왕성과 명왕성 중간에 위치한 인공행성이었고, 여기서 대부분의 지구인들 약 20억명이 도살된다. 이후 인육통조림이 되고, 이들의 생활필수품이 된다. 이후 이들이 이들로부터 빼앗은 것들로서 위조각하여 거짓지구인으로 위변신하고, 자기들이 과거에 잘못한 것을 속죄하려고 고생하고 있다고 개망발질을 쳐대고 거짓기망질을 일삼는다. 이후 이들을 구제하겠다며 바바라마시니액이니 아모라콴인이니 하는 식인파충류성자들이 등장하고, 포톤벨트가 어떻고 EARTH가 어떻고 책을 쓰는데 대부분은 나박종권이가 써준 것이다. 이들은 실제적으로는 사람이 뭔지 도무지 모르는 무지한 자들이다. 하지만 쓰는데 나박종권이가 쓴 것이다. 시리우스 역시 이 식인파충류들로서의 거짓현자들과 이들의 주구인 지옥사냥개로서의 이른바 개종족들이 점령한다. 원본래로서 시리우스는 해탈과 보살의 영역인데 이것을 조져버린 놈들이 아플레이아데스 말데크식인공룡계이다. 그리고는, 시리우스인들을 시켜서 또 뭐 중생으로서 고생하고 살고 있는 가짜거짓지구인놈들을 불쌍하게 여기고 동정연민보리하여 구제해야 하고 승천시켜야 하고 그러는데 포톤벨트라는 개망발질로서의 거짓된 책을 쓰게 만든다. 이들 전원이 모두 사람을 잡아처먹고 사람을 패죽이고 온갖 잔인하고 흉악한 짓을 일삼고 인육까지 처 먹고 살았던 놈들인데도 오늘날에는 우주현자 우주성자라고 자칭한다. 전부 빼앗은 것들이다.이와같이 히로히토 역시 일본제국 전체의 악업죄업흉업을 모조리 나박종권이에게 뒤집어 씌우려고 나박종권이와 동종동형, 동종일체로서 만들어진 말데크악룡의 현신아바타이며, 말데크악룡은 마치 나박종권이가 위전생해서 전혀 딴놈으로서 히로히토가 되었다는 식으로 설레발이를 치려고 하지만 이 사람은 분명히 내가 아니다. 단, 이 사람이 정통일본인적 특성을 가진다는 것만 말해두는데, 내가 보건대는 이 사람은, 재수없는 중국놈도 아니고 그렇다고 더 재수없는 선비족한국놈도 아니며 일반적으로 보편타당하게 보건대는 정통일본인에 속한다. 그리고 일본인이라는 것은 무엇인지를 대표사례로서 보여준 사람인데, 다만 이 사람이 누구냐의 문제이다. 그리고 내가 이 사람과 평생 같이 했다는 점은 매우 분명하다. 내가 이 사람이라는 말이 아니며, 다만 같이 한 것으로 보인다는 점은 확실하다. 하지만 나로서는 이 사람으로 인해서 무언가 이익을 얻은 것은 전혀 없다. 오히려 손해만 보는데, 특히 포르노도색물들이다. 이 포르노도색물도 일본제를 좋아하다가 걸려들어간 것은 이건희놈 때문이지만, 배후에 히로히토 역시 마찬가지다. 이 사람역시 아종만 40000명에 달하기에 그렇다. 이후에 일본제국시대의 범죄들을 뒤집어 쓰는데 대표적인 것이 난징대학살이다. 그리고 관동군부대에서 자행된 마루타들이다. 그리고 사람이 죽을때 단말마의 고통속에서 분비되는 죽음의 분비물들이다. 이 죽음의 분비물들이 전부 내 허벅지로 몰려와 있고, 이로 인해서 내가 당한 고통은 말로 표현할수 없다. 게다가 종군위안부 문제이다. 나를 종군위안부머리위로 올리고 전신에 부스럼이돋고 피부에 열창이 생기고 찢어지고 진무르고 고통받는 현실을 당하게 만든 것도 히로히토인데, 여기에 이건희, 이병철이 놈이 협조한다. 이 세놈 모두 자기들의 악업죄업흉업을 나박종권이에게 뒤집어 씌운 것이다. 그렇게 하기에 전범재판에서 처형을 모면하고 살아남은 것이다. 히로히토는 맥아더가 어떻게 하느냐에 달렸는데, 내가 중간에 서서 처형을 모면하게 해준 역할을 한 것인데 과정에서 내가 모든 죄를 뒤집어 쓰고 개박살이 난다. 히로히토를 처형하려고 했던 맥아더는, 실제로는 아플레이아데스 이재용이다. 이 이재용이 놈은 삼성그룹총수 3대이고 일본사람들에게 아부아첨하는데, 이 새끼가 가진 아종들만 최소 60인이상이므로 여기 저기 다 있고, 그런 놈들중 하나는 맥아더인데, 이 맥아더도 실제로는 나와 함께 했던 사람인데도 나중가면, 이건희놈의 이른바 영구복락음모에 동조하여 뒤바뀌어지고, 원본래는 나와 함께 했던 사람들이 이재용이 놈과 함께 한 것으로 위조된다. 그래서 맥아더도 이재용이로 뒤바뀌는데, 그렇게 될 경우 히로히토는 총살형에 처해질 것이다. 이 시점에서 우리가 치고 받고 싸우는데 그것이 고구려일본계의 태평양전쟁이다. 결국 마리아나해구로 수장되지만, 여전히 진행중이다. 과정에서 히로히토가 살아남은 것은 우리가 여기서 싸우기 때문이다. 우리가 이건희,이재용이 및 이들에게 동조협력하는 놈들과 싸우지 않았다면 이재용이가 된 맥아더는 분명히 히로히토를 총살시켰다. 일본인들은 이 점을 기억해두자.맥아더는 이재용이가 되었다가 다시 나의 반격으로 박살이 났고 다시 원본래로 돌아오고 있다. 과정에서 히로히토가 살아남은 것이다. 내가 무슨 욕을 하던 그냥 듣자. 태평양전쟁에서 미드웨이해전은 중대결전장이었고, 이 중대결전장은, 아틀란티스전력이 투입된 가운데, 길게는 은하대전계까지 확장된다. 이 전쟁에서 진다면 히로히토는 죽었을 것이다.(역으로 보자) 결국 지구인류역사에 기록될 대격전장 미드웨이해전과 태평양해전은, 부정정사로 얼룩진 반주(영국중심독일지원, 제2차은하대전 라이라군단으로서의 라마제국군과 말데크군단)들과 이에 반대하는 은하자유연합(아틀란티스, 은하대전, 민타카계열)과 연계된 세력간의 결전장이다. 잘 모르면 주둥이 다물고 내가 하는 말만 들어. 어쨌든 히로히토가 천명을 누리고 죽은 것은 이재용이 놈을 중도차단한 것때문이다. 히로히토는 이재용이나 이건희를 총애하고 지원했지만 실제현실은 그 반대라는 점을 명심해야 한다.지금도 일본천황 아키히토와 나루히토는 나를 보기를 원수보듯하는데, 나로서는 어처구니가 없다. 맥아더가 이재용이가 되었으면 히로히토는 총살되었고, 일본황실은 해체되었을 것이다. 당신들이 거꾸로 잘못 알고 있다.하지만 당신들이 잘못 알고 나를 적대시하고 해코지하였다. 특히 나를 중대해코지한 자들은 일본인들이다. 아베신조를 비롯해서, 현대시대일본내각총리들과 대신들이다.이유를 보면 이들이 나를 이용하면 이익을 얻는데, 현대시점에 이르면 더 큰 이익을 볼 것이 기대가 되었고 관련해서 이건희놈이 삼성그룹총수로서 이들에게 영구복락 및 기타 나박종권이 한놈만 죽이면 온갖 이익이 올 것이라고 유혹한 것에 동조한 때문이다. 하지만, 내가 보건대 그건 아닌 것 같다. 히로히토의 아들 아키히토는, 겁에 질렸고 싸울 기세를 잃었다. 이 사람 역시도 우리의 은하자유연합활동이나 기타 아틀란티스군의 활동에 편승하여 같이 함으로서 천황으로서의 어떤 것을 획득한 것이다. 당신들 일본황실이 어떤 방식으로 유지되는지 잘 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 과거현재미래는 이들에게 없다. 이들에게는 오로지 영원한 현재만 있을 뿐이다. 그로서 도대체 어떤 것이 어떤 것인지를 가늠할수 없는 이유이지만, 마왕급이라면 이해할수있다. 나의 거짓아버지 박원규는 원본래가 당태종이다. 그리고 아틸라이다. 그리고 펠레콘이다. 이건희는 당고종부터이다. 당태종이 박원규이고, 당고종부터가 이건희가 된다. 아틸라의 성품은 흉노족 성품이며, 험윤족으로서 말데크원품이다. 그리고 그게 박원규다. 그러나 이건희는, 안 그런 것처럼 보이는데, 그건 당고종시대부터는, 서방진출을 해야하고 서양백인계에서는 그런 원품이나 성품이 용인되지 않기에 그런 것이다. 독일인들이 흉노성품인데, 막상 독일사람이 되면 흉노는 아니다. 변형된다. 게르만족의 특이한 성품이나 원품을 분석해보라. 흉노가 위변형되어, 서양백인으로 있기에 최소한의 요구조건에 턱걸이 한 것이 게르만족이다. 이게 수문제놈이고 수양제놈인데, 이들의 자질이나 원본래로서는 거기까지 가기도 벅차다 그것도 나 박종권이의 원본래아틀란티스신위를 모조리 갈취해서 그렇게해도 그것정도다. 그리고 그게 흉노이다. 그리고 그게 박원규다. 그러나 박원규로서는 서양백인을 할수 없다. 그런 성품으로는 서양백인이 될수 없기 때문이다. 그래서 위변형한 것이 FIEND 이건희품이다. 그게 당고종이다. 게르만의 이상요상한 괴팍한 성품은 흉노를 위변형한 것이다. 안 그러면 백인으로서 살수가 없다. 일본인들이든 중국인들이든 일단 파충류를 상실하고 사람이 되면 겁에 질린다. 자신을 잃는다. 그리고 그게 사람이다. 이건 말데크악룡놈도 마찬가지다. 이 말데크악룡놈도 말데크악룡놈일때 말데크놈이지 만일 사람이 되면, 하지옥,지옥을 두려워하고 벌벌 떤다. 그게 사람이다. 두려움을 모르게 하는 것은 파충류체와 그 파충류품이다. 이게 있어서 두렵지 않은 것이다. 사람이란 다 그렇다.그림들은전권을가지고일괄소급하여이문제를자체판단하고영구무한반복무시무종처리할것물리학의 주요 분야입자 물리학의 입자소립자 물리학의 표준 모형Personality disorder classificationMental disorders (Classification)내분비계해부학세포 신호전달 / 신호전달 불교의 삼계三界 · 육도六道불교명계 · 지옥중국 신화等活地獄黑繩地獄衆合地獄叫喚地獄大叫喚地獄焦熱地獄大焦熱地獄阿鼻地獄頞浮陀地獄尼刺部陀地獄頞哳陀地獄郝郝婆地獄虎虎婆地獄嗢鉢羅地獄鉢特摩地獄摩訶鉢特摩地獄초반지옥刀山地獄火湯地獄寒氷地獄劍樹地獄拔舌地獄毒蛇地獄鋸骸地獄후반지옥鐵床地獄風途地獄黑闇地獄기타지옥無底地獄無血地獄축생계아귀도 지옥도(地獄道) · 아귀도(餓鬼道) · 축생도(畜生道) · 아수라도(阿修羅道) · 인간도(人間道) · 천상도(天上道)6도윤회(六道輪迴)Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs)nucleonBEATING FANTASYcommotio retinaeidea, get an idea (from)get an ideaidea, thinkingchange one's way of thinkingthought patternmotivs나를죽이고내혼백을잡아들이고내의식속으로들어와서나의의식이된후나는다만be-conscious로서좀비로서있게하면서도나의기본능력실력property는쓸수있는상태,즉핵심의식이없고존재의식만가지는데핵심의식으로서는제놈이고존재의식즉사람인간의식으로서는나인데다만무슨일을하면제놈이한것으로명계유계영계근원계및현상계배후매트릭스시스템에서처리되는과정을악용해서핵심의식이제놈이면제놈이가르쳐주고제놈이일을한것으로비열하고교활영특하게처리하는술수를쓰는놈으로서말하자면좃빠지게고생하면서실제적현실로서일을한것은인간존재의식만있는나인데,요씨팔개보지같은새끼는유계영계근원계나혹은저승계차원에서편하게영적인유체상태나마왕급파충류급유체상태로자빠져놀면서내가좃빠지게일을하는것을옆에서보지쑤셔가면서마약처먹어가면서맛있는것처먹어가면서(이씨팔놈들은동시에60명이상의아종의식을병행할수있다개보지같은씹새끼들)쳐다보다가핵심의식만제놈것으로탈취한다음일을제놈이했다고매트릭스관리시스템에등록시키는간교교활사특영특한개지랄을쳐대는잡놈들을은하대전연합원로원검찰청으로체포압송해서영구영원조년무한반복무시무종되풀이반복하여죽음처벌하고그간의모든기억과승격된제놈의능력실력의식차원들을제로섬으로되돌려중처벌할것(즉 요약하면 나는 하층지구인으로서 존재의식이라고 불리는 핵심근원의식이 배제된 인간의식만 가지는데 요걸 가지고도 일을 할수 있고, 내가 가진 능력실력property를 발휘하는데, 다만 핵심근원의식 요것만 가지면 제놈이 일을 한 것으로 처리가 되는 모순되고 부정부패한 현상계외부의 매트릭스관리시스템의 문제로서 이 문제를 조속히 일괄소급하여 개선토록 직권지시명령처리기록되다. 원본래적으로 인간류란, 존재의식차원에서 너는 나도 되고 나는 너도 된다로서 그래서 영화도 보고 그래서 내가 장희빈도 되고 숙종도 되고 그러는데 이 씨팔놈들아 그래서 인간이란 사람(人)간(間)의 법칙(門)과 규율(日)로서 제어되는 물질물리현상차원이므로, 당연히 이 씹새끼들처럼 핵심근원의식이라든지 아트마ARTMA(아트마란, 파충류급 혹은 준성인급의 인간류보다 높은 등급의 非人間類的我를 말한다, 아트만ARTMAN(아트만이란, 인간의 길, 중생의 길을 완주하고 해탈하여 광명계를 지나서 더 높은 차원으로 올라가면 기다리고 있는 行星次元의 行星的次元的我(예를 들면 TERRA, GAIA를 말한다)이라든지 我라든지 그게 아니어도 일을 할수 있다 이거야 이 씨팔놈들아 개선해라 이 씹새끼들아HormonesHuman systems and organsAnatomy of the endocrine systeman ulterior motiveimpure motivesfrom a selfish motivesynchronisma[the] nigger in the woodpile[fence]primary considerationMotivationmotifcynicunmotivatedunselfish motivesself-motivatedan important motivational factoramotivationaldecide what is right and wrongright and[or] wrongargue over right and wrongdecide on right and wrongraise disputedecide what is right and wrongclear right and wrongwithout inquiring into the right or wrongdo not inquire into the rights or wrongs ofregardless of meritswithout inquiring into the right or wrongbeatingbatterybeathitbatterassaultattackrapesexually assaultconfinementimprisonmentdetentionincarcerationlock up[away]put sb in a detention centerhold sb in custodybe put[placed] in solitaryconfinementcaptivityrestrictionrestraintyokefettersshacklesrestrictrestraintie (sb) down fettershacklebe subject to restraintbe placed under restraintbe fettered byrestrict sb's freedomrestrain sb's libertyviolenceforcearmed interventionintervention by armsprovocationprovokeprovocationcoat-trailingcóattràilingdouble-darepush[press] a person's buttonunprovokedlydeliberate provocationthreat (of)menace (to)intimidationthreatenthreaten sb's lifethreaten to killthreaten sb with a knifecomminationterrorizationbrowbeatingdestructiondemolitionravagedevastatewreckcomplete[total] destructionruinationbreakingsubversionbreakupdespoliationwreckingcrackupravagementratteningdestruction, damage, and consumptionto aidto supportto saveto rescueto prohibitto forbidreclaimsalvationatonementcarry the crossredemptive worksto redeemto atoneredemptionto redeemto ransomwashing away your sinclearing your debt by offering money, wealth or effortbuyredeemransomatone forconsciousness of existencebe conscious조동봉태봉국궁예아트라스아틀란티스아플레이아데스라이라베가제2차은하대전계안드로메다은하계태양계준성운계준성단계이재용이건희홍라희이건희서자나치독일로위전생한이재용구데리안나치독일로위전생한이건희헤르만괴링영국여왕남편이된이건희영국5대명문귀족이된이재용그리스도데카를들어가서신위를얻고그리스7신애비가된이재용당현종이된이재용삼성그룹3대총수가된이재용태봉국왕건고구려국을지문덕고구려국양만춘고구려국연개소문고려국왕건고려국목종고려국충렬왕고조선준왕몽골칭기스칸험윤흉노당태종당고종수문제수양제630128-1067814박종권이건희프로젝트플레이아데스프로젝트플레이아데스4대무법자사태가장처음나를이렇게비참하게되도록만든놈+22원등급원지위원서열원신분을모조리강탈탈취당하게만들고초극렬지옥에서살아야하는놈들이지구천계(인도놈들이말하는히라냐로카천계를기본으로해서사는놈들이영국놈들영국왕실인데여기가당태종,당고종,아틸라등말데크악룡ITSELF다그런데이들이지구천계를기본으로가지고사는데어떻게사람잡아처먹고인육처먹고사람개패듯패고죽이고하는놈들이천계에서사는가를물어보면인도놈들그자신도그런놈이다라마제국놈들이다.기가막힌다.내가본바로는최고최상의삶의환경조건이영국왕실놈들이기본으로가진것인데이게바로지구천계다.하지만이들이여전히버킹검궁지하보관소에서인육을처먹는데도대체이게어떻게된일인지를그림들은배후를영구영원조년추적하고근본원인및이유를밝히고전우주에공개할것이며근본배후원인이유를추적하여반드시영구영원조년무한반복되풀이반복하여작두사형처벌할것영구영원조년무한반복되풀이반복파문처벌할것영구영원조년무한반복되풀이반복하여삭제소멸추방시킬것)를기본으로하는최극상단계에서살게만든놈제놈이하지않은일을제놈이한것으로조작하고그렇게말하는놈그렇게표식하는놈그렇게해서결과받고이익을얻는놈

 쇼와 천황昭和天皇1901년 4월 29일 ~ 1989년 1월 7일일본의 제124대 천황1926년 12월 25일 ~ 1989년 1월 7일히로히토裕仁미치노미야迪宮다이쇼 천황과 구조 공작가의 당주[1] 구조 미치타카[주해 1]의 딸 데이메이 황후의 맏아들 메이지 천황이 확립한 일세일원제에 따라 재위 기간 동안 쓴 연호는 쇼와당시 아시아 유수의 강대국이던 일본에서는 대공황으로 인한 경제적 침체가 있었고, 그러한 배경 속에서 제국주의의 팽창론이 세력을 크게 불려 1930년대 후반에는 결국 천황을 비호하고 정부를 장악한 군부가 중국과 인도차이나 등을 침략하기에 이른다이후 일본제국은 미국과 벌인 태평양 전쟁에서 패배하였고, 쇼와 천황은 전범 기소와 황위 박탈은 면했으나 연합군 최고사령부에 의해 군국주의를 철저히 배제한 새로운 헌법이 제정되어 쇼와 천황 및 앞으로의 천황들에게서 정치적 실권은 빼앗기게 된다1912년 7월 29일, 메이지 천황이 세상을 떠났다1921년 3월 3일에 히로히토와 간인노미야 고토히토 친왕, 진다 스테미 백작, 나라 다케지 육군중장과 수행원 34명이 도쿄역을 출발하여 해외 순방길에 올랐다. 이들은 요코하마에서 가토리 호를 타고 5월 7일에 영국에 도착했으며, 그 후로 영국에서 24일간, 프랑스에서 26일간, 벨기에와 네덜란드에서 각각 5일간, 이탈리아에서 8일간 머물렀다.[22] 히로히토는 순방 중에 영국 왕세자 웨일스 공과 국왕 조지 5세, 벨기에 왕 알베르 1세, 이탈리아 왕 비토리오 에마누엘레 3세, 교황 베네딕토 15세 등을 만났으며 7월 18일에 유럽을 떠나 9월 2일 지바현 다테야마를 거쳐 다음날인 3일에 요코하마로 돌아왔다딸이 태어난 것을 계기로 히로히토는 궁 안에서 항상 지내야 했던 궁녀들에게 통근을 허락했으며, 후궁 제도를 폐지하고 궁녀의 수를 줄이기로 했다1931년 9월 18일 밤, 만주 사변1931년 12월 23일, 관동군이 내각의 명령을 무시하고 진저우를 점령했다.[53] 미국, 영국, 프랑스는 관동군의 진저우 점령을 9개국 조약을 위반한 행동이라 지적했지만 쇼와 천황은 이에 아랑곳 않고 이듬해인 1932년 1월 8일 관동군에게 칙어를 내려 “스스로를 지키기 위해 중국 비적과 맞서 싸워 황군의 위엄을 세계에 드높였다”며 정부의 통제를 무시한 관동군을 치하했다.[53] 3월 9일, 관동군은 만주의 관동군 점령 지역을 떼어 괴뢰 국가인 만주국을 수립하고 청나라의 마지막 황제였던 선통제 푸이를 명목 상의 군주로 옹립쇼와 천황은 같은 해 1월 8일, 도쿄 사쿠라다몬에서 한국의 독립운동가 이봉창이 던진 폭탄에 암살당할 뻔했으나 살아남았다1937년 7월 8일, 루거우차오 사건이 일어났다.12월 14일에 난징을 점령한 뒤, 일본군은 아사카노미야의 참모장 이누마 마모루의 주도로, 비무장 상태로 아직 난징과 그 주변에서 벗어나지 못한 중국군 패잔병들을 붙잡아 소년과 성인 남자 약 17,000명 이상을 살해했으며, 17일에는 예정대로 마쓰이와 아사카노미야의 승전 기념 행진이 열렸다.[71] 일본군은 난징 성과 그 주변 지역에서 석 달이 넘도록 살인, 강간, 약탈, 방화를 자행했으며 일본 육군 소위 두 명이 저지른 ‘중국인 100명 목 베기 시합’은 도쿄니치니치 신문에 몇 번이고 게재되기도 했다.[70][72] 일본군은 난징에서 자행한 범죄 행위의 보도를 금지하고 미화하려 했으며, 통제를 강요당한 일본과 조선의 언론들은 “난징에서 많은 포로가 잡히고 중국인들의 시신이 대량으로 묻혔다”는 식의 보도만을 했을 뿐이다.[70][73] 하지만 난징의 전쟁 범죄는 미국과 유럽에서 온 소수의 기자들을 중심으로 세상에 알려졌으며, 욘 라베를 비롯해 아직 난징에 남아있던 외국인들은 난징 안전지대를 구성해 약 20만 ~ 30만의 피난민들을 수용하기도 했다.[74]쇼와 천황을 비롯한 일본 황실과 정부는 일본군이 난징에서 자행한 전쟁 범죄에 대해 알고 있었다쇼와 천황은 군에서 해임되어 도쿄로 돌아온[75] 마쓰이에게 마쓰이의 임무 성공을 치하하는 칙서를 내렸으며 1940년에서야 돌아온 아사카노미야에게는 훈장을 내리는 식으로[70] 난징에서의 전쟁 범죄를 묵인했다.중일 전쟁이 교착 상태에 빠졌고, 제2차 세계 대전이 한창 벌어지던 1940년 9월, 쇼와 천황은 《대륙명 제458호》를 내려 일본의 프랑스령 인도차이나 침략을 승낙했다1941년 12월 8일, 야마모토 이소로쿠와 나구모 주이치가 이끄는 해군이 하와이주 진주만을 폭격하였고, 이어 일본군은 루손섬 클라크 항공 기지, 싱가포르, 괌, 다바오, 웨이크섬을 공습했다.[83] 진주만 공격을 비롯한 일본군의 대규모 공습은 선전포고 없이 벌어졌고 쇼와 천황은 진주만 공격이 일어나고 8시간 가까이 지난 일본 시간 오전 11시에야 선전 조서를 발표하였다1945년 5월 아돌프 히틀러가 자살하고 나치 독일의 대통령 칼 되니츠는 서부 전선의 연합군과 만나 무조건 항복 문서에 서명했다.[98] 미국군은 마지막 추축국인 일본의 본토에 무차별 야간 공습을 실시했다. 도쿄시와 그 주변 지역에서만 많게는 10만 명이 소이탄 폭격으로 타죽었다.그리하여 미국은 몰락 작전의 일환으로 규슈 남부 침공 작전과 원자 폭탄 사용을 추진했다. 8월 6일, ‘에놀라 게이’라는 애칭을 단 B-29 폭격기가 히로시마에 원자 폭탄을 투하해 10만 명 이상의 즉사자를 냈으며[주해 20], 8월 9일에는 나가사키에도 원자 폭탄을 투하해 4만 명 이상이 죽음을 당했다. 같은 날 소비에트 연방은 일본이 포츠담 선언을 거부했다는 것을 구실로, 불가침 조약을 깨고 만주를 침공했다8월 15일 정오, 쇼와 천황이 전날에 녹음한 일명 옥음방송(玉音放送)이 라디오를 통해 퍼졌다흘 뒤인 8월 17일에는 아시아와 태평양 전역의 전장에 전투를 중지하고 무장 해제를 명하는 《육해군인에게 내리는 칙어》를 발표하였다일본 제국은 패전국이 됐으며, 일본 제국이 강제로 지배하고 있던 조선은 미국과 소련의 관리체제로 들어갔고 타이완은 청나라를 계승한 중화민국을 이끄는 장제스에게 반환되었으나 후에 장제스는 중국 공산당에게 중국 본토를 빼앗기고 대만섬으로 도주했다.1945년 8월 30일, 연합군 최고사령관에 새로 임명된 더글러스 맥아더가 요코하마시에 임시 사령부를 차렸다. 도착 사흘 뒤인 9월 2일, 시게미쓰 마모루 외상과 천황 대리인단은 도쿄 만의 미주리 호에서 항복 문서에 정식으로 조인했다극동 국제 군사 재판상징적 군주가 되다한국 전쟁이 일어났고, 맥아더는 인천 상륙 작전으로 전세를 역전시켰지만 만주 공격 문제로 경질당하면서 매슈 리지웨이가 새로 GHQ 사령관이 됐다1975년 10월, 쇼와 천황 내외는 미국을 처음이자 마지막으로 공식 방문쇼와 천황은 결국 이듬해인 1989년 1월 7일 오전 6시 33분, 가족들이 함께한 자리에서 88세의 나이로 세상을 떠났다630128-1067814박종권과관계관련된중요인물중하나,아베신조,명치천황및역대일본천황전체,쇼군이상막부정권(토요토미히데요시,도쿠가와이에야스)및내각총리대신및장관이상급전원연관관계됨.MALDEK악룡의현신아바타로서말데크악룡그자신중하나로서히로히토.이사람과관계관련된것은너무도많아서글로서단순하게쓸수없다.다만,현시대포톤벨트및PLEIADIANS KEYS TO THE LIVING LIBRARY를 쓴 미국의 바바라마시니액을 수장으로 하는 아플레이아데스계보에 속하는 자로서의 히로히토이며, 아플레이아데스계열,나박종권이를준주신체,준우주체로만든후,그내부로약4000인이상의시조격으로서의라이라아종계보아플레이아데스인들이무단잠입하여나박종권이의+22원등급지위서열신분을동일하게원본래로서위조각하고지구인으로위전생하여시작된것이현근대시대의지구문명시작점이며,그렇게하지않으면이들로서는지구인으로서는태어날자격조차도없었으며살더라도상거지꼴을한유인원수준에서살아야했다.나박종권이가왜이들과연관관계되었는지는모르며,다만원인경로불명으로서MALDEK악룡과부적절한부모자식관계를가진것이1차원인으로지목되다.나박종권이를원본래로삼은이들은무엇을하든나박종권이가한일로서처리하는술수로서모든죄업악업흉업을나박종권이의전체에게뒤집어씌우고결과로서벌을받거나고통받는것을피해갔으며그어떤못된짓나쁜짓을하더라도처벌을피하였고그로서엄청난살육과파괴가자행된1,2차세계대전이후에는오히려더욱더잘살고더부귀영화한세계를만들며전범자들로서의독일일본이선진국이되고부정정사등으로중범죄를자행했던영국이영연방으로서나,우리,원본래계의귀중한자산들대부분을절취강탈하여오늘날빛나는영광과긍지속에서대영제국에버금가는제국시대를성취한다.오늘날영국은전세계자산의78%를독식하고최고의천계수준의부귀호사영광을누린다.이렇게된배경은말데크악룡계열의식인인육물육건육을목적으로하는인간류전체의노예종족화와영구지배그리고이를통한영구복락의추구이다.인간류해방을위해서쓴글로보여지는PLEIADIANS KEYS TO THE LIVING LIBRARY역시도 기망,거짓,허위속임수이며, 전부가 식인파충류놈들의 위간계로서 인간류로서의 비파충류계열과 휴만계열등 하위은하계종족계를 속이고 기만하기 위하여 저희들끼리 아종계에서 벌리는 자작극에 불과했다.우리가 지구같은 암흑계를 광명계로 이끌고 번영과 평화를 성취했으며 짐승노예로서 다루던 자들을 해방시키고 인권과 권리를 회복시키는 위업을 이룩했다고 개망발질을 쳐댄후, 은하계황금용으로 전개한 것이다. 전부 거짓이다. 특히 지구인역사에 기술된 모든 내용들이 전부 거짓이며 허위이다.하지만 이들이 주장하는 광명계는 나 박종권이가 죽기살기로 치고 받고 싸운 결과이지 이들이 한 것이 아니다.다만 이 자들은 다른 사람이 한 일을 제놈이 한일로 능수능란하게 위변경 위개조하는 술수를 가진다. 나박종권이란 여기에 있는 나를 의미한다기보다는, 나박종권이와 연관관계된 모든 사람들을 말한다. 준동급타계, 상천연합, 휴만종족연합(이름하여 엘로힘연합이다. 여호와는 도적놈이며 엘로힘이 아니다.), 와우연합과 기타 알려지지 않은 다른 선배고수고인들이다. 아틀란티스전투비행사가 있다. 이 아틀란티스전투비행사들이 없었다면, 인간류는 숨조차 쉴수없었을 것이다. 우주전투비행사들이 있다. 이들이 없었다면, 우주 전체는 가축농장이 되고 반주들의 왕국으로 변했을 것이다.이와같이 눈에 안보이고 알려지지는 않았지만, 그런 일을 하는 사람들이 있고, 그런 사람들은 내가 이렇게 했다고 말하지 않는다. 침묵하고 알리지 않으며 아무도 모르게 행하는 것이다. 어리고 유치한 무리들이 내가 했다고 말한다.나박종권이가 이렇게 글을 쓰는 이유는, 이건희때문인데, 이렇게 할때 이건희가 누군지를 알게 하기에 그렇다. 특히 내가 했다고 말할수록 어리고 유치한 짐승무리들이라는 점을 기억해두자. 지금도 내가 뭘 하면 무조건 제놈이 했다고 말하고 무조건 칼부림, 주먹질, 발길질, 살인질을 일삼고 지옥을 방불케하는 무서운 살인협박질을 자행하는 곳이 이 지구라는 곳이고, 지구세계에 자유와 평화를 가져왔다고 말하는 잡놈들이다.특히 히로히토같은 경우는, 최악의 타격을 나에게 가한 자로서, 죽음의 분비물로 일컬어지는 최음섹스마법의 정화체들을 악용하여 나의 영혼을 파괴하고, 제놈의 노예종으로 만들려고 했으며, 일본제국의 모든 죄업악업흉업을 모조리 나박종권이의 전체에게 뒤집어 씌우려 했다.(말데크악룡)이에 협조한 것은 지구인들을 승천시킨다고 설레발이를 쳐대고 우주적기만질을 일삼고 있는 바바바마시니액과 플레이아데스연방놈들이다. 이들은 포톤벨트인지 나발인지 우주의 암흑기와 광명기의 순환을 운운하고 그 간극사이에 지구인들이 승천한다는 식의 개망발질을 일삼는다. 전부 거짓이다. 여기서 승천한다고 말하는 지구인들이란 전부 사람을 잡아먹고 사는 식인파충류무리로서, 원본래인간류나 사람들을 잡아먹거나 도살학살멸족시키고 지옥음옥등에 가둔후, 그들의 것을 빼앗아서 사람으로 위조각하여 사람행세를 하면서 살고 있는 가짜거짓인간류, 가짜거짓지구인들을 말한다. 진짜지구인들은 전부 죽었고 아무도 없다. 이들이 마지막으로서 대량살육과 도살질을 자행한 곳은, 태양계 해왕성과 명왕성 중간에 위치한 인공행성이었고, 여기서 대부분의 지구인들 약 20억명이 도살된다. 이후 인육통조림이 되고, 이들의 생활필수품이 된다. 이후 이들이 이들로부터 빼앗은 것들로서 위조각하여 거짓지구인으로 위변신하고, 자기들이 과거에 잘못한 것을 속죄하려고 고생하고 있다고 개망발질을 쳐대고 거짓기망질을 일삼는다. 이후 이들을 구제하겠다며 바바라마시니액이니 아모라콴인이니 하는 식인파충류성자들이 등장하고, 포톤벨트가 어떻고 EARTH가 어떻고 책을 쓰는데 대부분은 나박종권이가 써준 것이다. 이들은 실제적으로는 사람이 뭔지 도무지 모르는 무지한 자들이다. 하지만 쓰는데 나박종권이가 쓴 것이다. 시리우스 역시 이 식인파충류들로서의 거짓현자들과 이들의 주구인 지옥사냥개로서의 이른바 개종족들이 점령한다. 원본래로서 시리우스는 해탈과 보살의 영역인데 이것을 조져버린 놈들이 아플레이아데스 말데크식인공룡계이다. 그리고는, 시리우스인들을 시켜서 또 뭐 중생으로서 고생하고 살고 있는 가짜거짓지구인놈들을 불쌍하게 여기고 동정연민보리하여 구제해야 하고 승천시켜야 하고 그러는데 포톤벨트라는 개망발질로서의 거짓된 책을 쓰게 만든다. 이들 전원이 모두 사람을 잡아처먹고 사람을 패죽이고 온갖 잔인하고 흉악한 짓을 일삼고 인육까지 처 먹고 살았던 놈들인데도 오늘날에는 우주현자 우주성자라고 자칭한다. 전부 빼앗은 것들이다.이와같이 히로히토 역시 일본제국 전체의 악업죄업흉업을 모조리 나박종권이에게 뒤집어 씌우려고 나박종권이와 동종동형, 동종일체로서 만들어진 말데크악룡의 현신아바타이며, 말데크악룡은 마치 나박종권이가 위전생해서 전혀 딴놈으로서 히로히토가 되었다는 식으로 설레발이를 치려고 하지만 이 사람은 분명히 내가 아니다. 단, 이 사람이 정통일본인적 특성을 가진다는 것만 말해두는데, 내가 보건대는 이 사람은, 재수없는 중국놈도 아니고 그렇다고 더 재수없는 선비족한국놈도 아니며 일반적으로 보편타당하게 보건대는 정통일본인에 속한다. 그리고 일본인이라는 것은 무엇인지를 대표사례로서 보여준 사람인데, 다만 이 사람이 누구냐의 문제이다. 그리고 내가 이 사람과 평생 같이 했다는 점은 매우 분명하다. 내가 이 사람이라는 말이 아니며, 다만 같이 한 것으로 보인다는 점은 확실하다. 하지만 나로서는 이 사람으로 인해서 무언가 이익을 얻은 것은 전혀 없다. 오히려 손해만 보는데, 특히 포르노도색물들이다. 이 포르노도색물도 일본제를 좋아하다가 걸려들어간 것은 이건희놈 때문이지만, 배후에 히로히토 역시 마찬가지다. 이 사람역시 아종만 40000명에 달하기에 그렇다. 이후에 일본제국시대의 범죄들을 뒤집어 쓰는데 대표적인 것이 난징대학살이다. 그리고 관동군부대에서 자행된 마루타들이다. 그리고 사람이 죽을때 단말마의 고통속에서 분비되는 죽음의 분비물들이다. 이 죽음의 분비물들이 전부 내 허벅지로 몰려와 있고, 이로 인해서 내가 당한 고통은 말로 표현할수 없다. 게다가 종군위안부 문제이다. 나를 종군위안부머리위로 올리고 전신에 부스럼이돋고 피부에 열창이 생기고 찢어지고 진무르고 고통받는 현실을 당하게 만든 것도 히로히토인데, 여기에 이건희, 이병철이 놈이 협조한다. 이 세놈 모두 자기들의 악업죄업흉업을 나박종권이에게 뒤집어 씌운 것이다. 그렇게 하기에 전범재판에서 처형을 모면하고 살아남은 것이다. 히로히토는 맥아더가 어떻게 하느냐에 달렸는데, 내가 중간에 서서 처형을 모면하게 해준 역할을 한 것인데 과정에서 내가 모든 죄를 뒤집어 쓰고 개박살이 난다. 히로히토를 처형하려고 했던 맥아더는, 실제로는 아플레이아데스 이재용이다. 이 이재용이 놈은 삼성그룹총수 3대이고 일본사람들에게 아부아첨하는데, 이 새끼가 가진 아종들만 최소 60인이상이므로 여기 저기 다 있고, 그런 놈들중 하나는 맥아더인데, 이 맥아더도 실제로는 나와 함께 했던 사람인데도 나중가면, 이건희놈의 이른바 영구복락음모에 동조하여 뒤바뀌어지고, 원본래는 나와 함께 했던 사람들이 이재용이 놈과 함께 한 것으로 위조된다. 그래서 맥아더도 이재용이로 뒤바뀌는데, 그렇게 될 경우 히로히토는 총살형에 처해질 것이다. 이 시점에서 우리가 치고 받고 싸우는데 그것이 고구려일본계의 태평양전쟁이다. 결국 마리아나해구로 수장되지만, 여전히 진행중이다. 과정에서 히로히토가 살아남은 것은 우리가 여기서 싸우기 때문이다. 우리가 이건희,이재용이 및 이들에게 동조협력하는 놈들과 싸우지 않았다면 이재용이가 된 맥아더는 분명히 히로히토를 총살시켰다. 일본인들은 이 점을 기억해두자.맥아더는 이재용이가 되었다가 다시 나의 반격으로 박살이 났고 다시 원본래로 돌아오고 있다. 과정에서 히로히토가 살아남은 것이다. 내가 무슨 욕을 하던 그냥 듣자. 태평양전쟁에서 미드웨이해전은 중대결전장이었고, 이 중대결전장은, 아틀란티스전력이 투입된 가운데, 길게는 은하대전계까지 확장된다. 이 전쟁에서 진다면 히로히토는 죽었을 것이다.(역으로 보자) 결국 지구인류역사에 기록될 대격전장 미드웨이해전과 태평양해전은, 부정정사로 얼룩진 반주(영국중심독일지원, 제2차은하대전 라이라군단으로서의 라마제국군과 말데크군단)들과 이에 반대하는 은하자유연합(아틀란티스, 은하대전, 민타카계열)과 연계된 세력간의 결전장이다. 잘 모르면 주둥이 다물고 내가 하는 말만 들어. 어쨌든 히로히토가 천명을 누리고 죽은 것은 이재용이 놈을 중도차단한 것때문이다. 히로히토는 이재용이나 이건희를 총애하고 지원했지만 실제현실은 그 반대라는 점을 명심해야 한다.지금도 일본천황 아키히토와 나루히토는 나를 보기를 원수보듯하는데, 나로서는 어처구니가 없다. 맥아더가 이재용이가 되었으면 히로히토는 총살되었고, 일본황실은 해체되었을 것이다. 당신들이 거꾸로 잘못 알고 있다.하지만 당신들이 잘못 알고 나를 적대시하고 해코지하였다. 특히 나를 중대해코지한 자들은 일본인들이다. 아베신조를 비롯해서, 현대시대일본내각총리들과 대신들이다.이유를 보면 이들이 나를 이용하면 이익을 얻는데, 현대시점에 이르면 더 큰 이익을 볼 것이 기대가 되었고 관련해서 이건희놈이 삼성그룹총수로서 이들에게 영구복락 및 기타 나박종권이 한놈만 죽이면 온갖 이익이 올 것이라고 유혹한 것에 동조한 때문이다. 하지만, 내가 보건대 그건 아닌 것 같다. 히로히토의 아들 아키히토는, 겁에 질렸고 싸울 기세를 잃었다. 이 사람 역시도 우리의 은하자유연합활동이나 기타 아틀란티스군의 활동에 편승하여 같이 함으로서 천황으로서의 어떤 것을 획득한 것이다. 당신들 일본황실이 어떤 방식으로 유지되는지 잘 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 과거현재미래는 이들에게 없다. 이들에게는 오로지 영원한 현재만 있을 뿐이다. 그로서 도대체 어떤 것이 어떤 것인지를 가늠할수 없는 이유이지만, 마왕급이라면 이해할수있다. 나의 거짓아버지 박원규는 원본래가 당태종이다. 그리고 아틸라이다. 그리고 펠레콘이다. 이건희는 당고종부터이다. 당태종이 박원규이고, 당고종부터가 이건희가 된다. 아틸라의 성품은 흉노족 성품이며, 험윤족으로서 말데크원품이다. 그리고 그게 박원규다. 그러나 이건희는, 안 그런 것처럼 보이는데, 그건 당고종시대부터는, 서방진출을 해야하고 서양백인계에서는 그런 원품이나 성품이 용인되지 않기에 그런 것이다. 독일인들이 흉노성품인데, 막상 독일사람이 되면 흉노는 아니다. 변형된다. 게르만족의 특이한 성품이나 원품을 분석해보라. 흉노가 위변형되어, 서양백인으로 있기에 최소한의 요구조건에 턱걸이 한 것이 게르만족이다. 이게 수문제놈이고 수양제놈인데, 이들의 자질이나 원본래로서는 거기까지 가기도 벅차다 그것도 나 박종권이의 원본래아틀란티스신위를 모조리 갈취해서 그렇게해도 그것정도다. 그리고 그게 흉노이다. 그리고 그게 박원규다. 그러나 박원규로서는 서양백인을 할수 없다. 그런 성품으로는 서양백인이 될수 없기 때문이다. 그래서 위변형한 것이 FIEND 이건희품이다. 그게 당고종이다. 게르만의 이상요상한 괴팍한 성품은 흉노를 위변형한 것이다. 안 그러면 백인으로서 살수가 없다. 일본인들이든 중국인들이든 일단 파충류를 상실하고 사람이 되면 겁에 질린다. 자신을 잃는다. 그리고 그게 사람이다. 이건 말데크악룡놈도 마찬가지다. 이 말데크악룡놈도 말데크악룡놈일때 말데크놈이지 만일 사람이 되면, 하지옥,지옥을 두려워하고 벌벌 떤다. 그게 사람이다. 두려움을 모르게 하는 것은 파충류체와 그 파충류품이다. 이게 있어서 두렵지 않은 것이다. 사람이란 다 그렇다.그림들은전권을가지고일괄소급하여이문제를자체판단하고영구무한반복무시무종처리할것물리학의 주요 분야입자 물리학의 입자소립자 물리학의 표준 모형Personality disorder classificationMental disorders (Classification)내분비계해부학세포 신호전달 / 신호전달 불교의 삼계三界 · 육도六道불교명계 · 지옥중국 신화等活地獄黑繩地獄衆合地獄叫喚地獄大叫喚地獄焦熱地獄大焦熱地獄阿鼻地獄頞浮陀地獄尼刺部陀地獄頞哳陀地獄郝郝婆地獄虎虎婆地獄嗢鉢羅地獄鉢特摩地獄摩訶鉢特摩地獄초반지옥刀山地獄火湯地獄寒氷地獄劍樹地獄拔舌地獄毒蛇地獄鋸骸地獄후반지옥鐵床地獄風途地獄黑闇地獄기타지옥無底地獄無血地獄축생계아귀도 지옥도(地獄道) · 아귀도(餓鬼道) · 축생도(畜生道) · 아수라도(阿修羅道) · 인간도(人間道) · 천상도(天上道)6도윤회(六道輪迴)Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs)nucleonBEATING FANTASYcommotio retinaeidea, get an idea (from)get an ideaidea, thinkingchange one's way of thinkingthought patternmotivs나를죽이고내혼백을잡아들이고내의식속으로들어와서나의의식이된후나는다만be-conscious로서좀비로서있게하면서도나의기본능력실력property는쓸수있는상태,즉핵심의식이없고존재의식만가지는데핵심의식으로서는제놈이고존재의식즉사람인간의식으로서는나인데다만무슨일을하면제놈이한것으로명계유계영계근원계및현상계배후매트릭스시스템에서처리되는과정을악용해서핵심의식이제놈이면제놈이가르쳐주고제놈이일을한것으로비열하고교활영특하게처리하는술수를쓰는놈으로서말하자면좃빠지게고생하면서실제적현실로서일을한것은인간존재의식만있는나인데,요씨팔개보지같은새끼는유계영계근원계나혹은저승계차원에서편하게영적인유체상태나마왕급파충류급유체상태로자빠져놀면서내가좃빠지게일을하는것을옆에서보지쑤셔가면서마약처먹어가면서맛있는것처먹어가면서(이씨팔놈들은동시에60명이상의아종의식을병행할수있다개보지같은씹새끼들)쳐다보다가핵심의식만제놈것으로탈취한다음일을제놈이했다고매트릭스관리시스템에등록시키는간교교활사특영특한개지랄을쳐대는잡놈들을은하대전연합원로원검찰청으로체포압송해서영구영원조년무한반복무시무종되풀이반복하여죽음처벌하고그간의모든기억과승격된제놈의능력실력의식차원들을제로섬으로되돌려중처벌할것(즉 요약하면 나는 하층지구인으로서 존재의식이라고 불리는 핵심근원의식이 배제된 인간의식만 가지는데 요걸 가지고도 일을 할수 있고, 내가 가진 능력실력property를 발휘하는데, 다만 핵심근원의식 요것만 가지면 제놈이 일을 한 것으로 처리가 되는 모순되고 부정부패한 현상계외부의 매트릭스관리시스템의 문제로서 이 문제를 조속히 일괄소급하여 개선토록 직권지시명령처리기록되다. 원본래적으로 인간류란, 존재의식차원에서 너는 나도 되고 나는 너도 된다로서 그래서 영화도 보고 그래서 내가 장희빈도 되고 숙종도 되고 그러는데 이 씨팔놈들아 그래서 인간이란 사람(人)간(間)의 법칙(門)과 규율(日)로서 제어되는 물질물리현상차원이므로, 당연히 이 씹새끼들처럼 핵심근원의식이라든지 아트마ARTMA(아트마란, 파충류급 혹은 준성인급의 인간류보다 높은 등급의 非人間類的我를 말한다, 아트만ARTMAN(아트만이란, 인간의 길, 중생의 길을 완주하고 해탈하여 광명계를 지나서 더 높은 차원으로 올라가면 기다리고 있는 行星次元의 行星的次元的我(예를 들면 TERRA, GAIA를 말한다)이라든지 我라든지 그게 아니어도 일을 할수 있다 이거야 이 씨팔놈들아 개선해라 이 씹새끼들아HormonesHuman systems and organsAnatomy of the endocrine systeman ulterior motiveimpure motivesfrom a selfish motivesynchronisma[the] nigger in the woodpile[fence]primary considerationMotivationmotifcynicunmotivatedunselfish motivesself-motivatedan important motivational factoramotivationaldecide what is right and wrongright and[or] wrongargue over right and wrongdecide on right and wrongraise disputedecide what is right and wrongclear right and wrongwithout inquiring into the right or wrongdo not inquire into the rights or wrongs ofregardless of meritswithout inquiring into the right or wrongbeatingbatterybeathitbatterassaultattackrapesexually assaultconfinementimprisonmentdetentionincarcerationlock up[away]put sb in a detention centerhold sb in custodybe put[placed] in solitaryconfinementcaptivityrestrictionrestraintyokefettersshacklesrestrictrestraintie (sb) down fettershacklebe subject to restraintbe placed under restraintbe fettered byrestrict sb's freedomrestrain sb's libertyviolenceforcearmed interventionintervention by armsprovocationprovokeprovocationcoat-trailingcóattràilingdouble-darepush[press] a person's buttonunprovokedlydeliberate provocationthreat (of)menace (to)intimidationthreatenthreaten sb's lifethreaten to killthreaten sb with a knifecomminationterrorizationbrowbeatingdestructiondemolitionravagedevastatewreckcomplete[total] destructionruinationbreakingsubversionbreakupdespoliationwreckingcrackupravagementratteningdestruction, damage, and consumptionto aidto supportto saveto rescueto prohibitto forbidreclaimsalvationatonementcarry the crossredemptive worksto redeemto atoneredemptionto redeemto ransomwashing away your sinclearing your debt by offering money, wealth or effortbuyredeemransomatone forconsciousness of existencebe conscious조동봉태봉국궁예아트라스아틀란티스아플레이아데스라이라베가제2차은하대전계안드로메다은하계태양계준성운계준성단계이재용이건희홍라희이건희서자나치독일로위전생한이재용구데리안나치독일로위전생한이건희헤르만괴링영국여왕남편이된이건희영국5대명문귀족이된이재용그리스도데카를들어가서신위를얻고그리스7신애비가된이재용당현종이된이재용삼성그룹3대총수가된이재용태봉국왕건고구려국을지문덕고구려국양만춘고구려국연개소문고려국왕건고려국목종고려국충렬왕고조선준왕몽골칭기스칸험윤흉노당태종당고종수문제수양제630128-1067814박종권이건희프로젝트플레이아데스프로젝트플레이아데스4대무법자사태가장처음나를이렇게비참하게되도록만든놈+22원등급원지위원서열원신분을모조리강탈탈취당하게만들고초극렬지옥에서살아야하는놈들이지구천계(인도놈들이말하는히라냐로카천계를기본으로해서사는놈들이영국놈들영국왕실인데여기가당태종,당고종,아틸라등말데크악룡ITSELF다그런데이들이지구천계를기본으로가지고사는데어떻게사람잡아처먹고인육처먹고사람개패듯패고죽이고하는놈들이천계에서사는가를물어보면인도놈들그자신도그런놈이다라마제국놈들이다.기가막힌다.내가본바로는최고최상의삶의환경조건이영국왕실놈들이기본으로가진것인데이게바로지구천계다.하지만이들이여전히버킹검궁지하보관소에서인육을처먹는데도대체이게어떻게된일인지를그림들은배후를영구영원조년추적하고근본원인및이유를밝히고전우주에공개할것이며근본배후원인이유를추적하여반드시영구영원조년무한반복되풀이반복하여작두사형처벌할것영구영원조년무한반복되풀이반복파문처벌할것영구영원조년무한반복되풀이반복하여삭제소멸추방시킬것)를기본으로하는최극상단계에서살게만든놈제놈이하지않은일을제놈이한것으로조작하고그렇게말하는놈그렇게표식하는놈그렇게해서결과받고이익을얻는놈










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Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.[1][2] Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience. As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.[3][4] A professional practitioner or researcher involved in the discipline is called a psychologist. Some psychologists can also be classified as behavioral or cognitive scientists. Some psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior. Others explore the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychologists are involved in research on perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, subjective experiences, motivation, brain functioning, and personality. Psychologists' interests extend to interpersonal relationships, psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas within social psychology. They also consider the unconscious mind.[5] Research psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. Some, but not all, clinical and counseling psychologists rely on symbolic interpretation. While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. By many accounts, psychology ultimately aims to benefit society.[6][7][8] Many psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing psychotherapy in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Other psychologists conduct scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. Typically the latter group of psychologists work in academic settings (e.g., universities, medical schools, or hospitals). Another group of psychologists is employed in industrial and organizational settings.[9] Yet others are involved in work on human development, aging, sports, health, forensic science, education, and the media. Etymology and definitions The word psychology derives from the Greek word psyche, for spirit or soul. The latter part of the word psychology derives from -λογία -logia, which means "study" or "research".[10] The word psychology was first used in the Renaissance.[11] In its Latin form psychiologia, it was first employed by the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Marulić in his book Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae (Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul) in the decade 1510–1520[11][12] The earliest known reference to the word psychology in English was by Steven Blankaart in 1694 in The Physical Dictionary. The dictionary refers to "Anatomy, which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the Soul."[13] Ψ (psi), the first letter of the Greek word psyche from which the term psychology is derived, is commonly associated with the field of psychology. In 1890, William James defined psychology as "the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions."[14] This definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. However, this meaning was contested, notably by John B. Watson, who in 1913 asserted the methodological behaviorist view of psychology as a purely objective experimental branch of natural science, the theoretical goal of which "is the prediction and control of behavior."[15] Since James defined "psychology", the term more strongly implicates scientific experimentation.[16][15] Folk psychology is the understanding of the mental states and behaviors of people held by ordinary people, as contrasted with psychology professionals' understanding.[17] History Main article: History of psychology For a chronological guide, see Timeline of psychology. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, and Persia all engaged in the philosophical study of psychology. In Ancient Egypt the Ebers Papyrus mentioned depression and thought disorders.[18] Historians note that Greek philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle (especially in his De Anima treatise),[19] addressed the workings of the mind.[20] As early as the 4th century BC, the Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes.[21] In 387 BCE, Plato suggested that the brain is where mental processes take place, and in 335 BCE Aristotle suggested that it was the heart.[22] In China, the foundations of psychological thought emerged from the philosophical works of ancient thinkers like Laozi and Confucius, as well as the teachings of Buddhism.[23] This body of knowledge drew insights from introspection, observation, and techniques for focused thinking and behavior. It viewed the universe as comprising physical and mental realms, along with the interplay between the two.[24] Chinese philosophy also emphasized purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. An ancient text known as The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine identifies the brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation, includes theories of personality based on yin–yang balance, and analyzes mental disorder in terms of physiological and social disequilibria. Chinese scholarship that focused on the brain advanced during the Qing dynasty with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi (1611–1671), Liu Zhi (1660–1730), and Wang Qingren (1768–1831). Wang Qingren emphasized the importance of the brain as the center of the nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated the causes of dreams and insomnia, and advanced a theory of hemispheric lateralization in brain function.[25] Influenced by Hinduism, Indian philosophy explored distinctions in types of awareness. A central idea of the Upanishads and other Vedic texts that formed the foundations of Hinduism was the distinction between a person's transient mundane self and their eternal, unchanging soul. Divergent Hindu doctrines and Buddhism have challenged this hierarchy of selves, but have all emphasized the importance of reaching higher awareness. Yoga encompasses a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal. Theosophy, a religion established by Russian-American philosopher Helena Blavatsky, drew inspiration from these doctrines during her time in British India.[26][27] Psychology was of interest to Enlightenment thinkers in Europe. In Germany, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) applied his principles of calculus to the mind, arguing that mental activity took place on an indivisible continuum. He suggested that the difference between conscious and unconscious awareness is only a matter of degree. Christian Wolff identified psychology as its own science, writing Psychologia Empirica in 1732 and Psychologia Rationalis in 1734. Immanuel Kant advanced the idea of anthropology as a discipline, with psychology an important subdivision. Kant, however, explicitly rejected the idea of an experimental psychology, writing that "the empirical doctrine of the soul can also never approach chemistry even as a systematic art of analysis or experimental doctrine, for in it the manifold of inner observation can be separated only by mere division in thought, and cannot then be held separate and recombined at will (but still less does another thinking subject suffer himself to be experimented upon to suit our purpose), and even observation by itself already changes and displaces the state of the observed object." In 1783, Ferdinand Ueberwasser (1752–1812) designated himself Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic and gave lectures on scientific psychology, though these developments were soon overshadowed by the Napoleonic Wars.[28] At the end of the Napoleonic era, Prussian authorities discontinued the Old University of Münster.[28] Having consulted philosophers Hegel and Herbart, however, in 1825 the Prussian state established psychology as a mandatory discipline in its rapidly expanding and highly influential educational system. However, this discipline did not yet embrace experimentation.[29] In England, early psychology involved phrenology and the response to social problems including alcoholism, violence, and the country's crowded "lunatic" asylums.[30] Beginning of experimental psychology James McKeen Cattell, the first psychologist in the United States Wilhelm Wundt (seated), a German psychologist, with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind, c. 1880 One of the dogs used in Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov's experiment with a surgically implanted cannula to measure saliva, preserved in the Pavlov Museum in Ryazan, Russia Philosopher John Stuart Mill believed that the human mind was open to scientific investigation, even if the science is in some ways inexact.[31] Mill proposed a "mental chemistry" in which elementary thoughts could combine into ideas of greater complexity.[31] Gustav Fechner began conducting psychophysics research in Leipzig in the 1830s. He articulated the principle that human perception of a stimulus varies logarithmically according to its intensity.[32]: 61  The principle became known as the Weber–Fechner law. Fechner's 1860 Elements of Psychophysics challenged Kant's negative view with regard to conducting quantitative research on the mind.[33][29] Fechner's achievement was to show that "mental processes could not only be given numerical magnitudes, but also that these could be measured by experimental methods."[29] In Heidelberg, Hermann von Helmholtz conducted parallel research on sensory perception, and trained physiologist Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt, in turn, came to Leipzig University, where he established the psychological laboratory that brought experimental psychology to the world. Wundt focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components, motivated in part by an analogy to recent advances in chemistry, and its successful investigation of the elements and structure of materials.[34] Paul Flechsig and Emil Kraepelin soon created another influential laboratory at Leipzig, a psychology-related lab, that focused more on experimental psychiatry.[29] James McKeen Cattell, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University and the co-founder of Psychological Review, was the first professor of psychology in the United States.[35] The German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, a researcher at the University of Berlin, was a 19th-century contributor to the field. He pioneered the experimental study of memory and developed quantitative models of learning and forgetting.[36] In the early 20th century, Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka co-founded the school of Gestalt psychology of Fritz Perls. The approach of Gestalt psychology is based upon the idea that individuals experience things as unified wholes. Rather than reducing thoughts and behavior into smaller component elements, as in structuralism, the Gestaltists maintain that whole of experience is important, "and is something else than the sum of its parts, because summing is a meaningless procedure, whereas the whole-part relationship is meaningful."[37] Psychologists in Germany, Denmark, Austria, England, and the United States soon followed Wundt in setting up laboratories.[38] G. Stanley Hall, an American who studied with Wundt, founded a psychology lab that became internationally influential. The lab was located at Johns Hopkins University. Hall, in turn, trained Yujiro Motora, who brought experimental psychology, emphasizing psychophysics, to the Imperial University of Tokyo.[39] Wundt's assistant, Hugo Münsterberg, taught psychology at Harvard to students such as Narendra Nath Sen Gupta—who, in 1905, founded a psychology department and laboratory at the University of Calcutta.[26] Wundt's students Walter Dill Scott, Lightner Witmer, and James McKeen Cattell worked on developing tests of mental ability. Cattell, who also studied with eugenicist Francis Galton, went on to found the Psychological Corporation. Witmer focused on the mental testing of children; Scott, on employee selection.[32]: 60  Another student of Wundt, the Englishman Edward Titchener, created the psychology program at Cornell University and advanced "structuralist" psychology. The idea behind structuralism was to analyze and classify different aspects of the mind, primarily through the method of introspection.[40] William James, John Dewey, and Harvey Carr advanced the idea of functionalism, an expansive approach to psychology that underlined the Darwinian idea of a behavior's usefulness to the individual. In 1890, James wrote an influential book, The Principles of Psychology, which expanded on the structuralism. He memorably described "stream of consciousness." James's ideas interested many American students in the emerging discipline.[40][14][32]: 178–82  Dewey integrated psychology with societal concerns, most notably by promoting progressive education, inculcating moral values in children, and assimilating immigrants.[32]: 196–200  A different strain of experimentalism, with a greater connection to physiology, emerged in South America, under the leadership of Horacio G. Piñero at the University of Buenos Aires.[41] In Russia, too, researchers placed greater emphasis on the biological basis for psychology, beginning with Ivan Sechenov's 1873 essay, "Who Is to Develop Psychology and How?" Sechenov advanced the idea of brain reflexes and aggressively promoted a deterministic view of human behavior.[42] The Russian-Soviet physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered in dogs a learning process that was later termed "classical conditioning" and applied the process to human beings.[43] Consolidation and funding One of the earliest psychology societies was La Société de Psychologie Physiologique in France, which lasted from 1885 to 1893. The first meeting of the International Congress of Psychology sponsored by the International Union of Psychological Science took place in Paris, in August 1889, amidst the World's Fair celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution. William James was one of three Americans among the 400 attendees. The American Psychological Association (APA) was founded soon after, in 1892. The International Congress continued to be held at different locations in Europe and with wide international participation. The Sixth Congress, held in Geneva in 1909, included presentations in Russian, Chinese, and Japanese, as well as Esperanto. After a hiatus for World War I, the Seventh Congress met in Oxford, with substantially greater participation from the war-victorious Anglo-Americans. In 1929, the Congress took place at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, attended by hundreds of members of the APA.[38] Tokyo Imperial University led the way in bringing new psychology to the East. New ideas about psychology diffused from Japan into China.[25][39] American psychology gained status upon the U.S.'s entry into World War I. A standing committee headed by Robert Yerkes administered mental tests ("Army Alpha" and "Army Beta") to almost 1.8 million soldiers.[44] Subsequently, the Rockefeller family, via the Social Science Research Council, began to provide funding for behavioral research.[45][46] Rockefeller charities funded the National Committee on Mental Hygiene, which disseminated the concept of mental illness and lobbied for applying ideas from psychology to child rearing.[44][47] Through the Bureau of Social Hygiene and later funding of Alfred Kinsey, Rockefeller foundations helped establish research on sexuality in the U.S.[48] Under the influence of the Carnegie-funded Eugenics Record Office, the Draper-funded Pioneer Fund, and other institutions, the eugenics movement also influenced American psychology. In the 1910s and 1920s, eugenics became a standard topic in psychology classes.[49] In contrast to the US, in the UK psychology was met with antagonism by the scientific and medical establishments, and up until 1939, there were only six psychology chairs in universities in England.[50] During World War II and the Cold War, the U.S. military and intelligence agencies established themselves as leading funders of psychology by way of the armed forces and in the new Office of Strategic Services intelligence agency. University of Michigan psychologist Dorwin Cartwright reported that university researchers began large-scale propaganda research in 1939–1941. He observed that "the last few months of the war saw a social psychologist become chiefly responsible for determining the week-by-week-propaganda policy for the United States Government." Cartwright also wrote that psychologists had significant roles in managing the domestic economy.[51] The Army rolled out its new General Classification Test to assess the ability of millions of soldiers. The Army also engaged in large-scale psychological research of troop morale and mental health.[52] In the 1950s, the Rockefeller Foundation and Ford Foundation collaborated with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to fund research on psychological warfare.[53] In 1965, public controversy called attention to the Army's Project Camelot, the "Manhattan Project" of social science, an effort which enlisted psychologists and anthropologists to analyze the plans and policies of foreign countries for strategic purposes.[54][55] In Germany after World War I, psychology held institutional power through the military, which was subsequently expanded along with the rest of the military during Nazi Germany.[29] Under the direction of Hermann Göring's cousin Matthias Göring, the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute was renamed the Göring Institute. Freudian psychoanalysts were expelled and persecuted under the anti-Jewish policies of the Nazi Party, and all psychologists had to distance themselves from Freud and Adler, founders of psychoanalysis who were also Jewish.[56] The Göring Institute was well-financed throughout the war with a mandate to create a "New German Psychotherapy." This psychotherapy aimed to align suitable Germans with the overall goals of the Reich. As described by one physician, "Despite the importance of analysis, spiritual guidance and the active cooperation of the patient represent the best way to overcome individual mental problems and to subordinate them to the requirements of the Volk and the Gemeinschaft." Psychologists were to provide Seelenführung [lit., soul guidance], the leadership of the mind, to integrate people into the new vision of a German community.[57] Harald Schultz-Hencke melded psychology with the Nazi theory of biology and racial origins, criticizing psychoanalysis as a study of the weak and deformed.[58] Johannes Heinrich Schultz, a German psychologist recognized for developing the technique of autogenic training, prominently advocated sterilization and euthanasia of men considered genetically undesirable, and devised techniques for facilitating this process.[59] After the war, new institutions were created although some psychologists, because of their Nazi affiliation, were discredited. Alexander Mitscherlich founded a prominent applied psychoanalysis journal called Psyche. With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Mitscherlich established the first clinical psychosomatic medicine division at Heidelberg University. In 1970, psychology was integrated into the required studies of medical students.[60] After the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks promoted psychology as a way to engineer the "New Man" of socialism. Consequently, university psychology departments trained large numbers of students in psychology. At the completion of training, positions were made available for those students at schools, workplaces, cultural institutions, and in the military. The Russian state emphasized pedology and the study of child development. Lev Vygotsky became prominent in the field of child development.[42] The Bolsheviks also promoted free love and embraced the doctrine of psychoanalysis as an antidote to sexual repression.[61]: 84–6 [62] Although pedology and intelligence testing fell out of favor in 1936, psychology maintained its privileged position as an instrument of the Soviet Union.[42] Stalinist purges took a heavy toll and instilled a climate of fear in the profession, as elsewhere in Soviet society.[61]: 22  Following World War II, Jewish psychologists past and present, including Lev Vygotsky, A.R. Luria, and Aron Zalkind, were denounced; Ivan Pavlov (posthumously) and Stalin himself were celebrated as heroes of Soviet psychology.[61]: 25–6, 48–9  Soviet academics experienced a degree of liberalization during the Khrushchev Thaw. The topics of cybernetics, linguistics, and genetics became acceptable again. The new field of engineering psychology emerged. The field involved the study of the mental aspects of complex jobs (such as pilot and cosmonaut). Interdisciplinary studies became popular and scholars such as Georgy Shchedrovitsky developed systems theory approaches to human behavior.[61]: 27–33  Twentieth-century Chinese psychology originally modeled itself on U.S. psychology, with translations from American authors like William James, the establishment of university psychology departments and journals, and the establishment of groups including the Chinese Association of Psychological Testing (1930) and the Chinese Psychological Society (1937). Chinese psychologists were encouraged to focus on education and language learning. Chinese psychologists were drawn to the idea that education would enable modernization. John Dewey, who lectured to Chinese audiences between 1919 and 1921, had a significant influence on psychology in China. Chancellor T'sai Yuan-p'ei introduced him at Peking University as a greater thinker than Confucius. Kuo Zing-yang who received a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley, became President of Zhejiang University and popularized behaviorism.[63]: 5–9  After the Chinese Communist Party gained control of the country, the Stalinist Soviet Union became the major influence, with Marxism–Leninism the leading social doctrine and Pavlovian conditioning the approved means of behavior change. Chinese psychologists elaborated on Lenin's model of a "reflective" consciousness, envisioning an "active consciousness" (pinyin: tzu-chueh neng-tung-li) able to transcend material conditions through hard work and ideological struggle. They developed a concept of "recognition" (pinyin: jen-shih) which referred to the interface between individual perceptions and the socially accepted worldview; failure to correspond with party doctrine was "incorrect recognition."[63]: 9–17  Psychology education was centralized under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, supervised by the State Council. In 1951, the academy created a Psychology Research Office, which in 1956 became the Institute of Psychology. Because most leading psychologists were educated in the United States, the first concern of the academy was the re-education of these psychologists in the Soviet doctrines. Child psychology and pedagogy for the purpose of a nationally cohesive education remained a central goal of the discipline.[63]: 18–24  Women in psychology 1900–1949 Women in the early 1900s started to make key findings within the world of psychology. In 1923, Anna Freud,[64] the daughter of Sigmund Freud, built on her father's work using different defense mechanisms (denial, repression, and suppression) to psychoanalyze children. She believed that once a child reached the latency period, child analysis could be used as a mode of therapy. She stated it is important focus on the child's environment, support their development, and prevent neurosis. She believed a child should be recognized as their own person with their own right and have each session catered to the child's specific needs. She encouraged drawing, moving freely, and expressing themselves in any way. This helped build a strong therapeutic alliance with child patients, which allows psychologists to observe their normal behavior. She continued her research on the impact of children after family separation, children with socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds, and all stages of child development from infancy to adolescence.[65] Functional periodicity, the belief women are mentally and physically impaired during menstruation, impacted women's rights because employers were less likely to hire them due to the belief they would be incapable of working for 1 week a month. Leta Stetter Hollingworth wanted to prove this hypothesis and Edward L. Thorndike's theory, that women have lesser psychological and physical traits than men and were simply mediocre, incorrect. Hollingworth worked to prove differences were not from male genetic superiority, but from culture. She also included the concept of women's impairment during menstruation in her research. She recorded both women and men performances on tasks (cognitive, perceptual, and motor) for three months. No evidence was found of decreased performance due to a woman's menstrual cycle.[66] She also challenged the belief intelligence is inherited and women here are intellectually inferior to men. She stated that women do not reach positions of power due to the societal norms and roles they are assigned. As she states in her article, "Variability as related to sex differences in achievement: A Critique",[67] the largest problem women have is the social order that was built due to the assumption women have less interests and abilities than men. To further prove her point, she completed another experiment with infants who have not been influenced by the environment of social norms, like the adult male getting more opportunities than women. She found no difference between infants besides size. After this research proved the original hypothesis wrong, Hollingworth was able to show there is no difference between the physiological and psychological traits of men and women, and women are not impaired during menstruation.[68] The first half of the 1900s was filled with new theories and it was a turning point for women's recognition within the field of psychology. In addition to the contributions made by Leta Stetter Hollingworth and Anna Freud, Mary Whiton Calkins invented the paired associates technique of studying memory and developed self-psychology.[69] Karen Horney developed the concept of "womb envy" and neurotic needs.[70] Psychoanalyst Melanie Klein impacted developmental psychology with her research of play therapy.[71] These great discoveries and contributions were made during struggles of sexism, discrimination, and little recognition for their work. 1950–1999 Women in the second half of the 20th century continued to do research that had large-scale impacts on the field of psychology. Mary Ainsworth's work centered around attachment theory. Building off fellow psychologist John Bowlby, Ainsworth spent years doing fieldwork to understand the development of mother-infant relationships. In doing this field research, Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation Procedure, a laboratory procedure meant to study attachment style by separating and uniting a child with their mother several different times under different circumstances. These field studies are also where she developed her attachment theory and the order of attachment styles, which was a landmark for developmental psychology.[72][73] Because of her work, Ainsworth became one of the most cited psychologists of all time.[74] Mamie Phipps Clark was another woman in psychology that changed the field with her research. She was one of the first African-Americans to receive a doctoral degree in psychology from Columbia University, along with her husband, Kenneth Clark. Her master's thesis, "The Development of Consciousness in Negro Pre-School Children," argued that black children's self-esteem was negatively impacted by racial discrimination. She and her husband conduced research building off her thesis throughout the 1940s. These tests, called the doll tests, asked young children to choose between identical dolls whose only difference was race, and they found that the majority of the children preferred the white dolls and attributed positive traits to them. Repeated over and over again, these tests helped to determine the negative effects of racial discrimination and segregation on black children's self-image and development. In 1954, this research would help decide the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, leading to the end of legal segregation across the nation. Clark went on to be an influential figure in psychology, her work continuing to focus on minority youth.[75] As the field of psychology developed throughout the latter half of the 20th century, women in the field advocated for their voices to be heard and their perspectives to be valued. Second-wave feminism did not miss psychology. An outspoken feminist in psychology was Naomi Weisstein, who was an accomplished researcher in psychology and neuroscience, and is perhaps best known for her paper, "Kirche, Kuche, Kinder as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female." Psychology Constructs the Female criticized the field of psychology for centering men and using biology too much to explain gender differences without taking into account social factors.[76] Her work set the stage for further research to be done in social psychology, especially in gender construction.[77] Other women in the field also continued advocating for women in psychology, creating the Association for Women in Psychology to criticize how the field treated women. E. Kitsch Child, Phyllis Chesler, and Dorothy Riddle were some of the founding members of the organization in 1969.[78][79] The latter half of the 20th century further diversified the field of psychology, with women of color reaching new milestones. In 1962, Martha Bernal became the first Latina woman to get a Ph.D. in psychology. In 1969, Marigold Linton, the first Native American woman to get a Ph.D. in psychology, founded the National Indian Education Association. She was also a founding member of the Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science. In 1971, The Network of Indian Psychologists was established by Carolyn Attneave. Harriet McAdoo was appointed to the White House Conference on Families in 1979.[80] 21st century In the 21st century, women have gained greater prominence in psychology, contributing significantly to a wide range of subfields. Many have taken on leadership roles, directed influential research labs, and guided the next generation of psychologists. However, gender disparities remain, especially when it comes to equal pay and representation in senior academic positions.[81] The number of women pursuing education and training in psychological science has reached a record high. In the United States, estimates suggest that women make up about 78% of undergraduate students and 71% of graduate students in psychology.[81] Disciplinary organizations Institutions See also: List of psychology organizations In 1920, Édouard Claparède and Pierre Bovet created a new applied psychology organization called the International Congress of Psychotechnics Applied to Vocational Guidance, later called the International Congress of Psychotechnics and then the International Association of Applied Psychology.[38] The IAAP is considered the oldest international psychology association.[82] Today, at least 65 international groups deal with specialized aspects of psychology.[82] In response to male predominance in the field, female psychologists in the U.S. formed the National Council of Women Psychologists in 1941. This organization became the International Council of Women Psychologists after World War II and the International Council of Psychologists in 1959. Several associations including the Association of Black Psychologists and the Asian American Psychological Association have arisen to promote the inclusion of non-European racial groups in the profession.[82] The International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) is the world federation of national psychological societies. The IUPsyS was founded in 1951 under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).[38][83] Psychology departments have since proliferated around the world, based primarily on the Euro-American model.[26][83] Since 1966, the Union has published the International Journal of Psychology.[38] IAAP and IUPsyS agreed in 1976 each to hold a congress every four years, on a staggered basis.[82] IUPsyS recognizes 66 national psychology associations and at least 15 others exist.[82] The American Psychological Association is the oldest and largest.[82] Its membership has increased from 5,000 in 1945 to 100,000 in the present day.[40] The APA includes 54 divisions, which since 1960 have steadily proliferated to include more specialties. Some of these divisions, such as the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and the American Psychology–Law Society, began as autonomous groups.[82] The Interamerican Psychological Society, founded in 1951, aspires to promote psychology across the Western Hemisphere. It holds the Interamerican Congress of Psychology and had 1,000 members in year 2000. The European Federation of Professional Psychology Associations, founded in 1981, represents 30 national associations with a total of 100,000 individual members. At least 30 other international organizations represent psychologists in different regions.[82] In some places, governments legally regulate who can provide psychological services or represent themselves as a "psychologist."[84] The APA defines a psychologist as someone with a doctoral degree in psychology.[85] Boundaries Early practitioners of experimental psychology distinguished themselves from parapsychology, which in the late nineteenth century enjoyed popularity (including the interest of scholars such as William James). Some people considered parapsychology to be part of "psychology". Parapsychology, hypnotism, and psychism were major topics at the early International Congresses. But students of these fields were eventually ostracized, and more or less banished from the Congress in 1900–1905.[38] Parapsychology persisted for a time at Imperial University in Japan, with publications such as Clairvoyance and Thoughtography by Tomokichi Fukurai, but it was mostly shunned by 1913.[39] As a discipline, psychology has long sought to fend off accusations that it is a "soft" science. Philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn's 1962 critique implied psychology overall was in a pre-paradigm state, lacking agreement on the type of overarching theory found in mature hard sciences such as chemistry and physics.[86] Because some areas of psychology rely on research methods such as self-reports in surveys and questionnaires, critics asserted that psychology is not an objective science. Skeptics have suggested that personality, thinking, and emotion cannot be directly measured and are often inferred from subjective self-reports, which may be problematic. Experimental psychologists have devised a variety of ways to indirectly measure these elusive phenomenological entities.[87][88][89] Divisions still exist within the field, with some psychologists more oriented towards the unique experiences of individual humans, which cannot be understood only as data points within a larger population. Critics inside and outside the field have argued that mainstream psychology has become increasingly dominated by a "cult of empiricism", which limits the scope of research because investigators restrict themselves to methods derived from the physical sciences.[90]: 36–7  Feminist critiques have argued that claims to scientific objectivity obscure the values and agenda of (historically) mostly male researchers.[44] Jean Grimshaw, for example, argues that mainstream psychological research has advanced a patriarchal agenda through its efforts to control behavior.[90]: 120  Major schools of thought Biological Main article: Cognitive neuroscience False-color representations of cerebral fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn et al.[91] Psychologists generally consider biology the substrate of thought and feeling, and therefore an important area of study. Behaviorial neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, involves the application of biological principles to the study of physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying behavior in humans and other animals. The allied field of comparative psychology is the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals.[92] A leading question in behavioral neuroscience has been whether and how mental functions are localized in the brain. From Phineas Gage to H.M. and Clive Wearing, individual people with mental deficits traceable to physical brain damage have inspired new discoveries in this area.[93] Modern behavioral neuroscience could be said to originate in the 1870s, when in France Paul Broca traced production of speech to the left frontal gyrus, thereby also demonstrating hemispheric lateralization of brain function. Soon after, Carl Wernicke identified a related area necessary for the understanding of speech.[94]: 20–2  The contemporary field of behavioral neuroscience focuses on the physical basis of behavior. Behaviorial neuroscientists use animal models, often relying on rats, to study the neural, genetic, and cellular mechanisms that underlie behaviors involved in learning, memory, and fear responses.[95] Cognitive neuroscientists, by using neural imaging tools, investigate the neural correlates of psychological processes in humans. Neuropsychologists conduct psychological assessments to determine how an individual's behavior and cognition are related to the brain. The biopsychosocial model is a cross-disciplinary, holistic model that concerns the ways in which interrelationships of biological, psychological, and socio-environmental factors affect health and behavior.[96] Evolutionary psychology approaches thought and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective. This perspective suggests that psychological adaptations evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments. Evolutionary psychologists attempt to find out how human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, the results of natural selection or sexual selection over the course of human evolution.[97] The history of the biological foundations of psychology includes evidence of racism. The idea of white supremacy and indeed the modern concept of race itself arose during the process of world conquest by Europeans.[98] Carl von Linnaeus's four-fold classification of humans classifies Europeans as intelligent and severe, Americans as contented and free, Asians as ritualistic, and Africans as lazy and capricious. Race was also used to justify the construction of socially specific mental disorders such as drapetomania and dysaesthesia aethiopica—the behavior of uncooperative African slaves.[99] After the creation of experimental psychology, "ethnical psychology" emerged as a subdiscipline, based on the assumption that studying primitive races would provide an important link between animal behavior and the psychology of more evolved humans.[100] Behaviorist Main articles: Behaviorism, Psychological behaviorism, and Radical behaviorism Skinner's teaching machine, a mechanical invention to automate the task of programmed instruction Duration: 3 minutes and 21 seconds.3:21 The film of the Little Albert experiment A tenet of behavioral research is that a large part of both human and lower-animal behavior is learned. A principle associated with behavioral research is that the mechanisms involved in learning apply to humans and non-human animals. Behavioral researchers have developed a treatment known as behavior modification, which is used to help individuals replace undesirable behaviors with desirable ones. Early behavioral researchers studied stimulus–response pairings, now known as classical conditioning. They demonstrated that when a biologically potent stimulus (e.g., food that elicits salivation) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) over several learning trials, the neutral stimulus by itself can come to elicit the response the biologically potent stimulus elicits. Ivan Pavlov—known best for inducing dogs to salivate in the presence of a stimulus previously linked with food—became a leading figure in the Soviet Union and inspired followers to use his methods on humans.[42] In the United States, Edward Lee Thorndike initiated "connectionist" studies by trapping animals in "puzzle boxes" and rewarding them for escaping. Thorndike wrote in 1911, "There can be no moral warrant for studying man's nature unless the study will enable us to control his acts."[32]: 212–5  From 1910 to 1913 the American Psychological Association went through a sea change of opinion, away from mentalism and towards "behavioralism." In 1913, John B. Watson coined the term behaviorism for this school of thought.[32]: 218–27  Watson's famous Little Albert experiment in 1920 was at first thought to demonstrate that repeated use of upsetting loud noises could instill phobias (aversions to other stimuli) in an infant human,[15][101] although such a conclusion was likely an exaggeration.[102] Karl Lashley, a close collaborator with Watson, examined biological manifestations of learning in the brain.[93] Clark L. Hull, Edwin Guthrie, and others did much to help behaviorism become a widely used paradigm.[40] A new method of "instrumental" or "operant" conditioning added the concepts of reinforcement and punishment to the model of behavior change. Radical behaviorists avoided discussing the inner workings of the mind, especially the unconscious mind, which they considered impossible to assess scientifically.[103] Operant conditioning was first described by Miller and Kanorski and popularized in the U.S. by B.F. Skinner, who emerged as a leading intellectual of the behaviorist movement.[104][105] Noam Chomsky published an influential critique of radical behaviorism on the grounds that behaviorist principles could not adequately explain the complex mental process of language acquisition and language use.[106][107] The review, which was scathing, did much to reduce the status of behaviorism within psychology.[32]: 282–5  Martin Seligman and his colleagues discovered that they could condition in dogs a state of "learned helplessness", which was not predicted by the behaviorist approach to psychology.[108][109] Edward C. Tolman advanced a hybrid "cognitive behavioral" model, most notably with his 1948 publication discussing the cognitive maps used by rats to guess at the location of food at the end of a maze.[110] Skinner's behaviorism did not die, in part because it generated successful practical applications.[107] The Association for Behavior Analysis International was founded in 1974 and by 2003 had members from 42 countries. The field has gained a foothold in Latin America and Japan.[111] Applied behavior analysis is the term used for the application of the principles of operant conditioning to change socially significant behavior (it supersedes the term, "behavior modification").[112] Cognitive Main article: Cognitive psychology Green Red Blue Purple Blue Purple Blue Purple Red Green Purple Green The Stroop effect is the fact that naming the color of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second. Baddeley's model of working memory The Müller–Lyer illusion. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions. Cognitive psychology involves the study of mental processes, including perception, attention, language comprehension and production, memory, and problem solving.[113] Researchers in the field of cognitive psychology are sometimes called cognitivists. They rely on an information processing model of mental functioning. Cognitivist research is informed by functionalism and experimental psychology. Starting in the 1950s, the experimental techniques developed by Wundt, James, Ebbinghaus, and others re-emerged as experimental psychology became increasingly cognitivist and, eventually, constituted a part of the wider, interdisciplinary cognitive science.[114][115] Some called this development the cognitive revolution because it rejected the anti-mentalist dogma of behaviorism as well as the strictures of psychoanalysis.[115] Albert Bandura helped along the transition in psychology from behaviorism to cognitive psychology. Bandura and other social learning theorists advanced the idea of vicarious learning. In other words, they advanced the view that a child can learn by observing the immediate social environment and not necessarily from having been reinforced for enacting a behavior, although they did not rule out the influence of reinforcement on learning a behavior.[116] Technological advances also renewed interest in mental states and mental representations. English neuroscientist Charles Sherrington and Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena to the structure and function of the brain. The rise of computer science, cybernetics, and artificial intelligence underlined the value of comparing information processing in humans and machines. A popular and representative topic in this area is cognitive bias, or irrational thought. Psychologists (and economists) have classified and described a sizeable catalog of biases which recur frequently in human thought. The availability heuristic, for example, is the tendency to overestimate the importance of something which happens to come readily to mind.[117] Elements of behaviorism and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist Albert Ellis and American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. On a broader level, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, linguists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and computational neuroscience. The discipline of cognitive science covers cognitive psychology as well as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience.[118] Computer simulations are sometimes used to model phenomena of interest. Social Main article: Social psychology See also: Social psychology (sociology) Social psychology is concerned with how behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and the social environment influence human interactions.[119] Social psychologists study such topics as the influence of others on an individual's behavior (e.g. conformity, persuasion) and the formation of beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes about other people. Social cognition fuses elements of social and cognitive psychology for the purpose of understanding how people process, remember, or distort social information. The study of group dynamics involves research on the nature of leadership, organizational communication, and related phenomena. In recent years, social psychologists have become interested in implicit measures, mediational models, and the interaction of person and social factors in accounting for behavior. Some concepts that sociologists have applied to the study of psychiatric disorders, concepts such as the social role, sick role, social class, life events, culture, migration, and total institution, have influenced social psychologists.[120] Psychoanalytic Main articles: Psychodynamics and psychoanalysis Front row: Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung]. Back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi at Clark University in 1909. Psychoanalysis is a collection of theories and therapeutic techniques intended to analyze the unconscious mind and its impact on everyday life. These theories and techniques inform treatments for mental disorders.[121][122][123] Psychoanalysis originated in the 1890s, most prominently with the work of Sigmund Freud. Freud's psychoanalytic theory was largely based on interpretive methods, introspection, and clinical observation. It became very well known, largely because it tackled subjects such as sexuality, repression, and the unconscious.[61]: 84–6  Freud pioneered the methods of free association and dream interpretation.[124][125] Psychoanalytic theory is not monolithic. Other well-known psychoanalytic thinkers who diverged from Freud include Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, Melanie Klein, D.W. Winnicott, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, John Bowlby, Freud's daughter Anna Freud, and Harry Stack Sullivan. These individuals ensured that psychoanalysis would evolve into diverse schools of thought. Among these schools are ego psychology, object relations, and interpersonal, Lacanian, and relational psychoanalysis. Psychologists such as Hans Eysenck and philosophers including Karl Popper sharply criticized psychoanalysis. Popper argued that psychoanalysis was not falsifiable (no claim it made could be proven wrong) and therefore inherently not a scientific discipline,[126] whereas Eysenck advanced the view that psychoanalytic tenets had been contradicted by experimental data. By the end of the 20th century, psychology departments in American universities mostly had marginalized Freudian theory, dismissing it as a "desiccated and dead" historical artifact.[127] Researchers such as António Damásio, Oliver Sacks, and Joseph LeDoux; and individuals in the emerging field of neuro-psychoanalysis have defended some of Freud's ideas on scientific grounds.[128] Existential-humanistic Main articles: Existential psychology and Humanistic psychology Psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first before higher-order needs can be met.[129] Humanistic psychology, which has been influenced by existentialism and phenomenology,[130] stresses free will and self-actualization.[131] It emerged in the 1950s as a movement within academic psychology, in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis.[132] The humanistic approach seeks to view the whole person, not just fragmented parts of the personality or isolated cognitions.[133] Humanistic psychology also focuses on personal growth, self-identity, death, aloneness, and freedom. It emphasizes subjective meaning, the rejection of determinism, and concern for positive growth rather than pathology. Some founders of the humanistic school of thought were American psychologists Abraham Maslow, who formulated a hierarchy of human needs, and Carl Rogers, who created and developed client-centered therapy.[134] Later, positive psychology opened up humanistic themes to scientific study. Positive psychology is the study of factors which contribute to human happiness and well-being, focusing more on people who are currently healthy. In 2010, Clinical Psychological Review published a special issue devoted to positive psychological interventions, such as gratitude journaling and the physical expression of gratitude. It is, however, far from clear that positive psychology is effective in making people happier.[135][136] Positive psychological interventions have been limited in scope, but their effects are thought to be somewhat better than placebo effects. The American Association for Humanistic Psychology, formed in 1963, declared: Humanistic psychology is primarily an orientation toward the whole of psychology rather than a distinct area or school. It stands for respect for the worth of persons, respect for differences of approach, open-mindedness as to acceptable methods, and interest in exploration of new aspects of human behavior. As a "third force" in contemporary psychology, it is concerned with topics having little place in existing theories and systems: e.g., love, creativity, self, growth, organism, basic need-gratification, self-actualization, higher values, being, becoming, spontaneity, play, humor, affection, naturalness, warmth, ego-transcendence, objectivity, autonomy, responsibility, meaning, fair-play, transcendental experience, peak experience, courage, and related concepts.[137] Existential psychology emphasizes the need to understand a client's total orientation towards the world. Existential psychology is opposed to reductionism, behaviorism, and other methods that objectify the individual.[131] In the 1950s and 1960s, influenced by philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger, psychoanalytically trained American psychologist Rollo May helped to develop existential psychology. Existential psychotherapy, which follows from existential psychology, is a therapeutic approach that is based on the idea that a person's inner conflict arises from that individual's confrontation with the givens of existence. Swiss psychoanalyst Ludwig Binswanger and American psychologist George Kelly may also be said to belong to the existential school.[138] Existential psychologists tend to differ from more "humanistic" psychologists in the former's relatively neutral view of human nature and relatively positive assessment of anxiety.[139] Existential psychologists emphasized the humanistic themes of death, free will, and meaning, suggesting that meaning can be shaped by myths and narratives; meaning can be deepened by the acceptance of free will, which is requisite to living an authentic life, albeit often with anxiety with regard to death.[140] Austrian existential psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor Viktor Frankl drew evidence of meaning's therapeutic power from reflections upon his own internment.[141] He created a variation of existential psychotherapy called logotherapy, a type of existentialist analysis that focuses on a will to meaning (in one's life), as opposed to Adler's Nietzschean doctrine of will to power or Freud's will to pleasure.[142] Themes Personality Main article: Personality psychology Personality psychology is concerned with enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Theories of personality vary across different psychological schools of thought. Each theory carries different assumptions about such features as the role of the unconscious and the importance of childhood experience. According to Freud, personality is based on the dynamic interactions of the id, ego, and super-ego.[143] By contrast, trait theorists have developed taxonomies of personality constructs in describing personality in terms of key traits. Trait theorists have often employed statistical data-reduction methods, such as factor analysis. Although the number of proposed traits has varied widely, Hans Eysenck's early biologically based model suggests at least three major trait constructs are necessary to describe human personality, extraversion–introversion, neuroticism-stability, and psychoticism-normality. Raymond Cattell empirically derived a theory of 16 personality factors at the primary-factor level and up to eight broader second-stratum factors.[144][145][146][147] Since the 1980s, the Big Five (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) emerged as an important trait theory of personality.[148] Dimensional models of personality disorders are receiving increasing support, and a version of dimensional assessment, namely the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders, has been included in the DSM-5. However, despite a plethora of research into the various versions of the "Big Five" personality dimensions, it appears necessary to move on from static conceptualizations of personality structure to a more dynamic orientation, acknowledging that personality constructs are subject to learning and change over the lifespan.[149][150] An early example of personality assessment was the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet, constructed during World War I. The popular, although psychometrically inadequate, Myers–Briggs Type Indicator[151] was developed to assess individuals' "personality types" according to the personality theories of Carl Jung. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), despite its name, is more a dimensional measure of psychopathology than a personality measure.[152] California Psychological Inventory contains 20 personality scales (e.g., independence, tolerance).[153] The International Personality Item Pool, which is in the public domain, has become a source of scales that can be used personality assessment.[154] Unconscious mind See also: Unconscious mind § Psychology Study of the unconscious mind, a part of the psyche outside the individual's awareness but that is believed to influence conscious thought and behavior, was a hallmark of early psychology. In one of the first psychology experiments conducted in the United States, C.S. Peirce and Joseph Jastrow found in 1884 that research subjects could choose the minutely heavier of two weights even if consciously uncertain of the difference.[155] Freud popularized the concept of the unconscious mind, particularly when he referred to an uncensored intrusion of unconscious thought into one's speech (a Freudian slip) or to his efforts to interpret dreams.[156] His 1901 book The Psychopathology of Everyday Life catalogs hundreds of everyday events that Freud explains in terms of unconscious influence. Pierre Janet advanced the idea of a subconscious mind, which could contain autonomous mental elements unavailable to the direct scrutiny of the subject.[157] The concept of unconscious processes has remained important in psychology. Cognitive psychologists have used a "filter" model of attention. According to the model, much information processing takes place below the threshold of consciousness, and only certain stimuli, limited by their nature and number, make their way through the filter. Much research has shown that subconscious priming of certain ideas can covertly influence thoughts and behavior.[157] Because of the unreliability of self-reporting, a major hurdle in this type of research involves demonstrating that a subject's conscious mind has not perceived a target stimulus. For this reason, some psychologists prefer to distinguish between implicit and explicit memory. In another approach, one can also describe a subliminal stimulus as meeting an objective but not a subjective threshold.[158] The automaticity model of John Bargh and others involves the ideas of automaticity and unconscious processing in our understanding of social behavior,[159][160] although there has been dispute with regard to replication.[161][162] Some experimental data suggest that the brain begins to consider taking actions before the mind becomes aware of them.[163] The influence of unconscious forces on people's choices bears on the philosophical question of free will. John Bargh, Daniel Wegner, and Ellen Langer describe free will as an illusion.[159][160][164] Motivation Main article: Motivation Some psychologists study motivation or the subject of why people or lower animals initiate a behavior at a particular time. It also involves the study of why humans and lower animals continue or terminate a behavior. Psychologists such as William James initially used the term motivation to refer to intention, in a sense similar to the concept of will in European philosophy. With the steady rise of Darwinian and Freudian thinking, instinct also came to be seen as a primary source of motivation.[165] According to drive theory, the forces of instinct combine into a single source of energy which exerts a constant influence. Psychoanalysis, like biology, regarded these forces as demands originating in the nervous system. Psychoanalysts believed that these forces, especially the sexual instincts, could become entangled and transmuted within the psyche. Classical psychoanalysis conceives of a struggle between the pleasure principle and the reality principle, roughly corresponding to id and ego. Later, in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud introduced the concept of the death drive, a compulsion towards aggression, destruction, and psychic repetition of traumatic events.[166] Meanwhile, behaviorist researchers used simple dichotomous models (pleasure/pain, reward/punishment) and well-established principles such as the idea that a thirsty creature will take pleasure in drinking.[165][167] Clark Hull formalized the latter idea with his drive reduction model.[168] Hunger, thirst, fear, sexual desire, and thermoregulation constitute fundamental motivations in animals.[167] Humans seem to exhibit a more complex set of motivations—though theoretically these could be explained as resulting from desires for belonging, positive self-image, self-consistency, truth, love, and control.[169][170] Motivation can be modulated or manipulated in many different ways. Researchers have found that eating, for example, depends not only on the organism's fundamental need for homeostasis—an important factor causing the experience of hunger—but also on circadian rhythms, food availability, food palatability, and cost.[167] Abstract motivations are also malleable, as evidenced by such phenomena as goal contagion: the adoption of goals, sometimes unconsciously, based on inferences about the goals of others.[171] Vohs and Baumeister suggest that contrary to the need-desire-fulfillment cycle of animal instincts, human motivations sometimes obey a "getting begets wanting" rule: the more you get a reward such as self-esteem, love, drugs, or money, the more you want it. They suggest that this principle can even apply to food, drink, sex, and sleep.[172] Development psychology Main article: Developmental psychology Developmental psychologists engage a child with a book and then make observations based on how the child interacts with the object. Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why the thought processes, emotions, and behaviors of humans change over the course of their lives.[173] Some credit Charles Darwin with conducting the first systematic study within the rubric of developmental psychology, having published in 1877 a short paper detailing the development of innate forms of communication based on his observations of his infant son.[174] The main origins of the discipline, however, are found in the work of Jean Piaget. Like Piaget, developmental psychologists originally focused primarily on the development of cognition from infancy to adolescence. Later, developmental psychology extended itself to the study cognition over the life span. In addition to studying cognition, developmental psychologists have also come to focus on affective, behavioral, moral, social, and neural development. Developmental psychologists who study children use a number of research methods. For example, they make observations of children in natural settings such as preschools[175] and engage them in experimental tasks.[176] Such tasks often resemble specially designed games and activities that are both enjoyable for the child and scientifically useful. Developmental researchers have even devised clever methods to study the mental processes of infants.[177] In addition to studying children, developmental psychologists also study aging and processes throughout the life span, including old age.[178] These psychologists draw on the full range of psychological theories to inform their research.[173] Genes and environment Main article: Behavioural genetics All researched psychological traits are influenced by both genes and environment, to varying degrees.[179][180] These two sources of influence are often confounded in observational research of individuals and families. An example of this confounding can be shown in the transmission of depression from a depressed mother to her offspring. A theory based on environmental transmission would hold that an offspring, by virtue of their having a problematic rearing environment managed by a depressed mother, is at risk for developing depression. On the other hand, a hereditarian theory would hold that depression risk in an offspring is influenced to some extent by genes passed to the child from the mother. Genes and environment in these simple transmission models are completely confounded. A depressed mother may both carry genes that contribute to depression in her offspring and also create a rearing environment that increases the risk of depression in her child.[181] Behavioral genetics researchers have employed methodologies that help to disentangle this confound and understand the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior.[97] Traditionally the research has involved twin studies and adoption studies, two designs where genetic and environmental influences can be partially un-confounded. More recently, gene-focused research has contributed to understanding genetic contributions to the development of psychological traits. The availability of microarray molecular genetic or genome sequencing technologies allows researchers to measure participant DNA variation directly, and test whether individual genetic variants within genes are associated with psychological traits and psychopathology through methods including genome-wide association studies. One goal of such research is similar to that in positional cloning and its success in Huntington's: once a causal gene is discovered biological research can be conducted to understand how that gene influences the phenotype. One major result of genetic association studies is the general finding that psychological traits and psychopathology, as well as complex medical diseases, are highly polygenic,[182][183][184][185][186] where a large number (on the order of hundreds to thousands) of genetic variants, each of small effect, contribute to individual differences in the behavioral trait or propensity to the disorder. Active research continues to work toward understanding the genetic and environmental bases of behavior and their interaction. Applications Further information: Outline of psychology, List of psychology disciplines, Applied psychology, and Subfields of psychology Psychology encompasses many subfields and includes different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Psychological testing See also: Psychometrics and social statistics Francis Galton, a pioneer of the experimental psychology field Psychological testing has ancient origins, dating as far back as 2200 BC, in the examinations for the Chinese civil service. Written exams began during the Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220). By 1370, the Chinese system required a stratified series of tests, involving essay writing and knowledge of diverse topics. The system was ended in 1906.[187]: 41–2  In Europe, mental assessment took a different approach, with theories of physiognomy—judgment of character based on the face—described by Aristotle in 4th century BC Greece. Physiognomy remained current through the Enlightenment, and added the doctrine of phrenology: a study of mind and intelligence based on simple assessment of neuroanatomy.[187]: 42–3  When experimental psychology came to Britain, Francis Galton was a leading practitioner. By virtue of his procedures for measuring reaction time and sensation, he is considered an inventor of modern mental testing (also known as psychometrics).[187]: 44–5  James McKeen Cattell, a student of Wundt and Galton, brought the idea of psychological testing to the United States, and in fact coined the term "mental test".[187]: 45–6  In 1901, Cattell's student Clark Wissler published discouraging results, suggesting that mental testing of Columbia and Barnard students failed to predict academic performance.[187]: 45–6  In response to 1904 orders from the Minister of Public Instruction, One example of an observational study was run by Arthur Bandura. This observational study focused on children who were exposed to an adult exhibiting aggressive behaviors and their reaction to toys versus other children who were not exposed to these stimuli. The result shows that children who had seen the adult acting aggressively towards a toy, in turn, were aggressive towards their own toy when put in a situation that frustrated them.[188] psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon developed and elaborated a new test of intelligence in 1905–1911. They used a range of questions diverse in their nature and difficulty. Binet and Simon introduced the concept of mental age and referred to the lowest scorers on their test as idiots. Henry H. Goddard put the Binet-Simon scale to work and introduced classifications of mental level such as imbecile and feebleminded. In 1916, (after Binet's death), Stanford professor Lewis M. Terman modified the Binet-Simon scale (renamed the Stanford–Binet scale) and introduced the intelligence quotient as a score report.[187]: 50–56  Based on his test findings, and reflecting the racism common to that era, Terman concluded that intellectual disability "represents the level of intelligence which is very, very common among Spanish-Indians and Mexican families of the Southwest and also among negroes. Their dullness seems to be racial."[189] Following the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests, which was developed by psychologist Robert Yerkes in 1917 and then used in World War 1 by industrial and organizational psychologists for large-scale employee testing and selection of military personnel.[190] Mental testing also became popular in the U.S., where it was applied to schoolchildren. The federally created National Intelligence Test was administered to 7 million children in the 1920s. In 1926, the College Entrance Examination Board created the Scholastic Aptitude Test to standardize college admissions.[187]: 61  The results of intelligence tests were used to argue for segregated schools and economic functions, including the preferential training of Black Americans for manual labor. These practices were criticized by Black intellectuals such a Horace Mann Bond and Allison Davis.[189] Eugenicists used mental testing to justify and organize compulsory sterilization of individuals classified as mentally retarded (now referred to as intellectual disability).[49] In the United States, tens of thousands of men and women were sterilized. Setting a precedent that has never been overturned, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of this practice in the 1927 case Buck v. Bell.[191] Today mental testing is a routine phenomenon for people of all ages in Western societies.[187]: 2  Modern testing aspires to criteria including standardization of procedure, consistency of results, output of an interpretable score, statistical norms describing population outcomes, and, ideally, effective prediction of behavior and life outcomes outside of testing situations.[187]: 4–6  Psychological testing is regularly used in forensic contexts to aid legal judgments and decisions.[192] Developments in psychometrics include work on test and scale reliability and validity.[193] Developments in item-response theory,[194] structural equation modeling,[195] and bifactor analysis[196] have helped in strengthening test and scale construction. Mental health care See also: Clinical psychology The provision of psychological health services is generally called clinical psychology in the U.S. Sometimes, however, members of the school psychology and counseling psychology professions engage in practices that resemble that of clinical psychologists. Clinical psychologists typically include people who have graduated from doctoral programs in clinical psychology. In Canada, some of the members of the abovementioned groups usually fall within the larger category of professional psychology. In Canada and the U.S., practitioners get bachelor's degrees and doctorates; doctoral students in clinical psychology usually spend one year in a predoctoral internship and one year in postdoctoral internship. In Mexico and most other Latin American and European countries, psychologists do not get bachelor's and doctoral degrees; instead, they take a three-year professional course following high school.[85] Clinical psychology is at present the largest specialization within psychology.[197] It includes the study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychological distress, dysfunction, and/or mental illness. Clinical psychologists also try to promote subjective well-being and personal growth. Central to the practice of clinical psychology are psychological assessment and psychotherapy although clinical psychologists may also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration.[198] Credit for the first psychology clinic in the United States typically goes to Lightner Witmer, who established his practice in Philadelphia in 1896. Another modern psychotherapist was Morton Prince, an early advocate for the establishment of psychology as a clinical and academic discipline.[197] In the first part of the twentieth century, most mental health care in the United States was performed by psychiatrists, who are medical doctors. Psychology entered the field with its refinements of mental testing, which promised to improve the diagnosis of mental problems. For their part, some psychiatrists became interested in using psychoanalysis and other forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy to understand and treat the mentally ill.[44][199] Psychotherapy as conducted by psychiatrists blurred the distinction between psychiatry and psychology, and this trend continued with the rise of community mental health facilities. Some in the clinical psychology community adopted behavioral therapy, a thoroughly non-psychodynamic model that used behaviorist learning theory to change the actions of patients. A key aspect of behavior therapy is empirical evaluation of the treatment's effectiveness. In the 1970s, cognitive-behavior therapy emerged with the work of Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Although there are similarities between behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy required the application of cognitive constructs. Since the 1970s, the popularity of cognitive-behavior therapy among clinical psychologists increased. A key practice in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy is exposing patients to things they fear, based on the premise that their responses (fear, panic, anxiety) can be deconditioned.[200] Mental health care today involves psychologists and social workers in increasing numbers. In 1977, National Institute of Mental Health director Bertram Brown described this shift as a source of "intense competition and role confusion."[44] Graduate programs issuing doctorates in clinical psychology emerged in the 1950s and underwent rapid increase through the 1980s. The PhD degree is intended to train practitioners who could also conduct scientific research. The PsyD degree is more exclusively designed to train practitioners.[85] Some clinical psychologists focus on the clinical management of patients with brain injury. This subspecialty is known as clinical neuropsychology. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession. The emerging field of disaster psychology (see crisis intervention) involves professionals who respond to large-scale traumatic events.[201] The work performed by clinical psychologists tends to be influenced by various therapeutic approaches, all of which involve a formal relationship between professional and client (usually an individual, couple, family, or small group). Typically, these approaches encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving. Four major theoretical perspectives are psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, existential–humanistic, and systems or family therapy. There has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches, especially with an increased understanding of issues regarding culture, gender, spirituality, and sexual orientation. With the advent of more robust research findings regarding psychotherapy, there is evidence that most of the major therapies have equal effectiveness, with the key common element being a strong therapeutic alliance.[202][203] Because of this, more training programs and psychologists are now adopting an eclectic therapeutic orientation.[204][205][206][207][208] Diagnosis in clinical psychology usually follows the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).[209] The study of mental illnesses is called abnormal psychology. Education Main articles: Educational psychology and School psychology An item from a cognitive abilities test used in educational psychology Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychologists can be found in preschools, schools of all levels including post secondary institutions, community organizations and learning centers, Government or private research firms, and independent or private consultant.[210] The work of developmental psychologists such as Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, and Jerome Bruner has been influential in creating teaching methods and educational practices. Educational psychology is often included in teacher education programs in places such as North America, Australia, and New Zealand. School psychology combines principles from educational psychology and clinical psychology to understand and treat students with learning disabilities; to foster the intellectual growth of gifted students; to facilitate prosocial behaviors in adolescents; and otherwise to promote safe, supportive, and effective learning environments. School psychologists are trained in educational and behavioral assessment, intervention, prevention, and consultation, and many have extensive training in research.[211] Work See also: Industrial and organizational psychology and Organizational behavior Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology involves research and practices that apply psychological theories and principles to organizations and individuals' work-lives.[212] In the field's beginnings, industrialists brought the nascent field of psychology to bear on the study of scientific management techniques for improving workplace efficiency. The field was at first called economic psychology or business psychology; later, industrial psychology, employment psychology, or psychotechnology.[213] An influential early study examined workers at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in Cicero, Illinois from 1924 to 1932. Western Electric experimented on factory workers to assess their responses to changes in illumination, breaks, food, and wages. The researchers came to focus on workers' responses to observation itself, and the term Hawthorne effect is now used to describe the fact that people's behavior can change when they think they are being observed.[214] Although the Hawthorne research can be found in psychology textbooks, the research and its findings were weak at best.[215][216] The name industrial and organizational psychology emerged in the 1960s. In 1973, it became enshrined in the name of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Division 14 of the American Psychological Association.[213] One goal of the discipline is to optimize human potential in the workplace. Personnel psychology is a subfield of I/O psychology. Personnel psychologists apply the methods and principles of psychology in selecting and evaluating workers. Another subfield, organizational psychology, examines the effects of work environments and management styles on worker motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity.[217] Most I/O psychologists work outside of academia, for private and public organizations and as consultants.[213] A psychology consultant working in business today might expect to provide executives with information and ideas about their industry, their target markets, and the organization of their company.[218][219] Organizational behavior (OB) is an allied field involved in the study of human behavior within organizations.[220] One way to differentiate I/O psychology from OB is that I/O psychologists train in university psychology departments and OB specialists, in business schools. Military and intelligence One role for psychologists in the military has been to evaluate and counsel soldiers and other personnel. In the U.S., this function began during World War I, when Robert Yerkes established the School of Military Psychology at Fort Oglethorpe in Georgia. The school provided psychological training for military staff.[44][221] Today, U.S. Army psychologists perform psychological screening, clinical psychotherapy, suicide prevention, and treatment for post-traumatic stress, as well as provide prevention-related services, for example, smoking cessation.[222] The United States Army's Mental Health Advisory Teams implement psychological interventions to help combat troops experiencing mental problems.[223][224] Psychologists may also work on a diverse set of campaigns known broadly as psychological warfare. Psychological warfare chiefly involves the use of propaganda to influence enemy soldiers and civilians. This so-called black propaganda is designed to seem as if it originates from a source other than the Army.[225] The CIA's MKULTRA program involved more individualized efforts at mind control, involving techniques such as hypnosis, torture, and covert involuntary administration of LSD.[226] The U.S. military used the name Psychological Operations (PSYOP) until 2010, when these activities were reclassified as Military Information Support Operations (MISO), part of Information Operations (IO).[227] Psychologists have sometimes been involved in assisting the interrogation and torture of suspects, staining the records of the psychologists involved.[228] Health, well-being, and social change See also: Health psychology, Social issues, and Occupational health psychology Social change An example of the contribution of psychologists to social change involves the research of Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark. These two African American psychologists studied segregation's adverse psychological impact on Black children. Their research findings played a role in the desegregation case Brown v. Board of Education (1954).[229] The impact of psychology on social change includes the discipline's broad influence on teaching and learning. Research has shown that compared to the "whole word" or "whole language" approach, the phonics approach to reading instruction is more efficacious.[230] Medical applications Medical facilities increasingly employ psychologists to perform various roles. One aspect of health psychology is the psychoeducation of patients: instructing them in how to follow a medical regimen. Health psychologists can also educate doctors and conduct research on patient compliance.[231][232] Psychologists in the field of public health use a wide variety of interventions to influence human behavior. These range from public relations campaigns and outreach to governmental laws and policies. Psychologists study the composite influence of all these different tools in an effort to influence whole populations of people.[233] Worker health, safety and wellbeing Psychologists work with organizations to apply findings from psychological research to improve the health and well-being of employees. Some work as external consultants hired by organizations to solve specific problems, whereas others are full-time employees of the organization. Applications include conducting surveys to identify issues and designing interventions to make work healthier. Some of the specific health areas include: Accidents and injuries: A major contribution is the concept of safety climate, which is employee shared perceptions of the behaviors that are encouraged (e.g., wearing safety gear) and discouraged (not following safety rules) at work.[234] Organizations with strong safety climates have fewer work accidents and injuries.[235] Cardiovascular disease: Cardiovascular disease has been related to lack of job control.[236] Mental health: Exposure to occupational stress is associated with mental health disorder.[237] Musculoskeletal disorder: These are injuries in bones, nerves and tendons due to overexertion and repetitive strain. They have been linked to job satisfaction and workplace stress.[238] Physical health symptoms: Occupational stress has been linked to physical symptoms such as digestive distress and headache.[239] Workplace violence: Violence prevention climate is related to being physically assaulted and psychologically mistreated at work.[240] Interventions that improve climates are a way to address accidents and violence. Interventions that reduce stress at work or provide employees with tools to better manage it can help in areas where stress is an important component. Industrial psychology became interested in worker fatigue during World War I, when government ministers in Britain were concerned about the impact of fatigue on workers in munitions factories but not other types of factories.[241][242] In the U. K. some interest in worker well-being emerged with the efforts of Charles Samuel Myers and his National Institute of Industrial Psychology (NIIP) during the inter-War years.[243] In the U. S. during the mid-twentieth century industrial psychologist Arthur Kornhauser pioneered the study of occupational mental health, linking industrial working conditions to mental health as well as the spillover of an unsatisfying job into a worker's personal life.[244][245] Zickar accumulated evidence to show that "no other industrial psychologist of his era was as devoted to advocating management and labor practices that would improve the lives of working people."[244] Occupational health psychology As interest in the worker health expanded toward the end of the twentieth century, the field of occupational health psychology (OHP) emerged. OHP is a branch of psychology that is interdisciplinary.[52][246] OHP is concerned with the health and safety of workers.[52][246] OHP addresses topic areas such as the impact of occupational stressors on physical and mental health, mistreatment of workers (e.g., bullying and violence), work-family balance, the impact of involuntary unemployment on physical and mental health, the influence of psychosocial factors on safety and accidents, and interventions designed to improve/protect worker health.[52][247] OHP grew out of health psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and occupational medicine.[248] OHP has also been informed by disciplines outside psychology, including industrial engineering, sociology, and economics.[249][250] Research methods Main articles: Psychological research and List of psychological research methods Quantitative psychological research lends itself to the statistical testing of hypotheses. Although the field makes abundant use of randomized and controlled experiments in laboratory settings, such research can only assess a limited range of short-term phenomena. Some psychologists rely on less rigorously controlled, but more ecologically valid, field experiments as well. Other research psychologists rely on statistical methods to glean knowledge from population data.[251] The statistical methods research psychologists employ include the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient, the analysis of variance, multiple linear regression, logistic regression, structural equation modeling, and hierarchical linear modeling. The measurement and operationalization of important constructs is an essential part of these research designs. Although this type of psychological research is much less abundant than quantitative research, some psychologists conduct qualitative research. This type of research can involve interviews, questionnaires, and first-hand observation.[252] While hypothesis testing is rare, virtually impossible, in qualitative research, qualitative studies can be helpful in theory and hypothesis generation, interpreting seemingly contradictory quantitative findings, and understanding why some interventions fail and others succeed.[253] Controlled experiments Main article: Experiment Flowchart of the four phases, enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis, of a parallel randomized trial of two groups modified from the CONSORT 2010 Statement[254] The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and confederate. The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level etc.[255] A true experiment with random assignment of research participants (sometimes called subjects) to rival conditions allows researchers to make strong inferences about causal relationships. When there are large numbers of research participants, the random assignment (also called random allocation) of those participants to rival conditions ensures that the individuals in those conditions will, on average, be similar on most characteristics, including characteristics that went unmeasured. In an experiment, the researcher alters one or more variables of influence, called independent variables, and measures resulting changes in the factors of interest, called dependent variables. Prototypical experimental research is conducted in a laboratory with a carefully controlled environment. A quasi-experiment is a situation in which different conditions are being studied, but random assignment to the different conditions is not possible. Investigators must work with preexisting groups of people. Researchers can use common sense to consider how much the nonrandom assignment threatens the study's validity.[256] For example, in research on the best way to affect reading achievement in the first three grades of school, school administrators may not permit educational psychologists to randomly assign children to phonics and whole language classrooms, in which case the psychologists must work with preexisting classroom assignments. Psychologists will compare the achievement of children attending phonics and whole language classes and, perhaps, statistically adjust for any initial differences in reading level. Experimental researchers typically use a statistical hypothesis testing model which involves making predictions before conducting the experiment, then assessing how well the data collected are consistent with the predictions. These predictions are likely to originate from one or more abstract scientific hypotheses about how the phenomenon under study actually works.[257] Other types of studies Further information: Video recall Surveys are used in psychology for the purpose of measuring attitudes and traits, monitoring changes in mood, and checking the validity of experimental manipulations (checking research participants' perception of the condition they were assigned to). Psychologists have commonly used paper-and-pencil surveys. However, surveys are also conducted over the phone or through e-mail. Web-based surveys are increasingly used to conveniently reach many subjects. Observational studies are commonly conducted in psychology. In cross-sectional observational studies, psychologists collect data at a single point in time. The goal of many cross-sectional studies is the assess the extent factors are correlated with each other. By contrast, in longitudinal studies psychologists collect data on the same sample at two or more points in time. Sometimes the purpose of longitudinal research is to study trends across time such as the stability of traits or age-related changes in behavior. Because some studies involve endpoints that psychologists cannot ethically study from an experimental standpoint, such as identifying the causes of depression, they conduct longitudinal studies a large group of depression-free people, periodically assessing what is happening in the individuals' lives. In this way psychologists have an opportunity to test causal hypotheses regarding conditions that commonly arise in people's lives that put them at risk for depression. Problems that affect longitudinal studies include selective attrition, the type of problem in which bias is introduced when a certain type of research participant disproportionately leaves a study. One example of an observational study was run by Arthur Bandura. This observational study focused on children who were exposed to an adult exhibiting aggressive behaviors and their reaction to toys versus other children who were not exposed to these stimuli. The result shows that children who had seen the adult acting aggressively towards a toy, in turn, were aggressive towards their own toy when put in a situation that frustrated them.[188] Exploratory data analysis includes a variety of practices that researchers use to reduce a great many variables to a small number overarching factors. In Peirce's three modes of inference, exploratory data analysis corresponds to abduction.[258] Meta-analysis is the technique research psychologists use to integrate results from many studies of the same variables and arriving at a grand average of the findings.[259] Direct brain observation/manipulation An EEG recording setup Artificial neural network with two layers, an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain A classic and popular tool used to relate mental and neural activity is the electroencephalogram (EEG), a technique using amplified electrodes on a person's scalp to measure voltage changes in different parts of the brain. Hans Berger, the first researcher to use EEG on an unopened skull, quickly found that brains exhibit signature "brain waves": electric oscillations which correspond to different states of consciousness. Researchers subsequently refined statistical methods for synthesizing the electrode data, and identified unique brain wave patterns such as the delta wave observed during non-REM sleep.[260] Newer functional neuroimaging techniques include functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, both of which track the flow of blood through the brain. These technologies provide more localized information about activity in the brain and create representations of the brain with widespread appeal. They also provide insight which avoids the classic problems of subjective self-reporting. It remains challenging to draw hard conclusions about where in the brain specific thoughts originate—or even how usefully such localization corresponds with reality. However, neuroimaging has delivered unmistakable results showing the existence of correlations between mind and brain. Some of these draw on a systemic neural network model rather than a localized function model.[261][262][263] Interventions such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and drugs also provide information about brain–mind interactions. Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced mental effects. Computer simulation See also: Computational cognition, Graph theory, and Network theory Computational modeling is a tool used in mathematical psychology and cognitive psychology to simulate behavior.[264] This method has several advantages. Since modern computers process information quickly, simulations can be run in a short time, allowing for high statistical power. Modeling also allows psychologists to visualize hypotheses about the functional organization of mental events that could not be directly observed in a human. Computational neuroscience uses mathematical models to simulate the brain. Another method is symbolic modeling, which represents many mental objects using variables and rules. Other types of modeling include dynamic systems and stochastic modeling. Animal studies A rat undergoing a Morris water navigation test used in behavioral neuroscience to study the role of the hippocampus in spatial learning and memory Animal experiments aid in investigating many aspects of human psychology, including perception, emotion, learning, memory, and thought, to name a few. In the 1890s, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to demonstrate classical conditioning. Non-human primates, cats, dogs, pigeons, and rats and other rodents are often used in psychological experiments. Ideally, controlled experiments introduce only one independent variable at a time, in order to ascertain its unique effects upon dependent variables. These conditions are approximated best in laboratory settings. In contrast, human environments and genetic backgrounds vary so widely, and depend upon so many factors, that it is difficult to control important variables for human subjects. There are pitfalls, however, in generalizing findings from animal studies to humans through animal models.[265] Comparative psychology is the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals, especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior. Research in this area explores the behavior of many species, from insects to primates. It is closely related to other disciplines that study animal behavior such as ethology.[266] Research in comparative psychology sometimes appears to shed light on human behavior, but some attempts to connect the two have been quite controversial, for example the Sociobiology of E.O. Wilson.[267] Animal models are often used to study neural processes related to human behavior, e.g. in cognitive neuroscience. Qualitative research Phineas P. Gage survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, but the injury altered his personality and behavior.[268] Qualitative research is often designed to answer questions about the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals. Qualitative research involving first-hand observation can help describe events as they occur, with the goal of capturing the richness of everyday behavior and with the hope of discovering and understanding phenomena that might have been missed if only more cursory examinations are made. Qualitative psychological research methods include interviews, first-hand observation, and participant observation. Creswell (2003) identified five main possibilities for qualitative research, including narrative, phenomenology, ethnography, case study, and grounded theory. Qualitative researchers[269] sometimes aim to enrich our understanding of symbols, subjective experiences, or social structures. Sometimes hermeneutic and critical aims can give rise to quantitative research, as in Erich Fromm's application of psychological and sociological theories, in his book Escape from Freedom, to understanding why many ordinary Germans supported Hitler.[270] Just as Jane Goodall studied chimpanzee social and family life by careful observation of chimpanzee behavior in the field, psychologists conduct naturalistic observation of ongoing human social, professional, and family life. Sometimes the participants are aware they are being observed, and other times the participants do not know they are being observed. Strict ethical guidelines must be followed when covert observation is being carried out. Program evaluation Program evaluation involves the systematic collection, analysis, and application of information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness.[271][272] In both the public and private sectors, stakeholders often want to know the extent which the programs they are funding, implementing, voting for, receiving, or objecting to are producing the intended effects. While program evaluation first focuses on effectiveness, important considerations often include how much the program costs per participant, how the program could be improved, whether the program is worthwhile, whether there are better alternatives, if there are unintended outcomes, and whether the program goals are appropriate and useful.[273] Contemporary issues Metascience Metascience involves the application of scientific methodology to study science itself. The field of metascience has revealed problems in psychological research. Some psychological research has suffered from bias,[274] problematic reproducibility,[275] and misuse of statistics.[276] These findings have led to calls for reform from within and from outside the scientific community.[277] Confirmation bias In 1959, statistician Theodore Sterling examined the results of psychological studies and discovered that 97% of them supported their initial hypotheses, implying possible publication bias.[278][279][280] Similarly, Fanelli (2010)[281] found that 91.5% of psychiatry/psychology studies confirmed the effects they were looking for, and concluded that the odds of this happening (a positive result) was around five times higher than in fields such as space science or geosciences. Fanelli argued that this is because researchers in "softer" sciences have fewer constraints to their conscious and unconscious biases. Replication Further information: Replication crisis § In psychology A replication crisis in psychology has emerged. Many notable findings in the field have not been replicated. Some researchers were even accused of publishing fraudulent results.[282][283][284] Systematic efforts, including efforts by the Reproducibility Project of the Center for Open Science, to assess the extent of the problem found that as many as two-thirds of highly publicized findings in psychology failed to be replicated.[285] Reproducibility has generally been stronger in cognitive psychology (in studies and journals) than social psychology[285] and subfields of differential psychology.[286][287] Other subfields of psychology have also been implicated in the replication crisis, including clinical psychology,[288][289][290] developmental psychology,[291][292][293] and a field closely related to psychology, educational research.[294][295][296][297][298] Focus on the replication crisis has led to other renewed efforts in the discipline to re-test important findings.[299][300] In response to concerns about publication bias and data dredging (conducting a large number of statistical tests on a great many variables but restricting reporting to the results that were statistically significant), 295 psychology and medical journals have adopted result-blind peer review where studies are accepted not on the basis of their findings and after the studies are completed, but before the studies are conducted and upon the basis of the methodological rigor of their experimental designs and the theoretical justifications for their proposed statistical analysis before data collection or analysis is conducted.[301][302] In addition, large-scale collaborations among researchers working in multiple labs in different countries have taken place. The collaborators regularly make their data openly available for different researchers to assess.[303] Allen and Mehler[304] estimated that 61 per cent of result-blind studies have yielded null results, in contrast to an estimated 5 to 20 per cent in traditional research. Misuse of statistics Further information: Misuse of statistics and Misuse of p-values Some critics view statistical hypothesis testing as misplaced. Psychologist and statistician Jacob Cohen wrote in 1994 that psychologists routinely confuse statistical significance with practical importance, enthusiastically reporting great certainty in unimportant facts.[305] Some psychologists have responded with an increased use of effect size statistics, rather than sole reliance on p-values.[306] WEIRD bias "WEIRD" redirects here. For other uses, see Weird (disambiguation). See also: Cultural psychology, Indigenous psychology, Transnational psychology, and Cross-cultural psychology In 2008, Arnett pointed out that most articles in American Psychological Association journals were about U.S. populations when U.S. citizens are only 5% of the world's population. He complained that psychologists had no basis for assuming psychological processes to be universal and generalizing research findings to the rest of the global population.[307] In 2010, Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan reported a bias in conducting psychology studies with participants from "WEIRD" ("Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic") societies.[308][309] Henrich et al. found that "96% of psychological samples come from countries with only 12% of the world's population" (p. 63). The article gave examples of results that differ significantly between people from WEIRD and tribal cultures, including the Müller-Lyer illusion. Arnett (2008), Altmaier and Hall (2008) and Morgan-Consoli et al. (2018) view the Western bias in research and theory as a serious problem considering psychologists are increasingly applying psychological principles developed in WEIRD regions in their research, clinical work, and consultation with populations around the world.[307][310][311] In 2018, Rad, Martingano, and Ginges showed that nearly a decade after Henrich et al.'s paper, over 80% of the samples used in studies published in the journal Psychological Science employed WEIRD samples. Moreover, their analysis showed that several studies did not fully disclose the origin of their samples; the authors offered a set of recommendations to editors and reviewers to reduce WEIRD bias.[312] STRANGE bias Similar to the WEIRD bias, starting in 2020, researchers of non-human behavior have started to emphasize the need to document the possibility of the STRANGE (Social background, Trappability and self-selection, Rearing history, Acclimation and habituation, Natural changes in responsiveness, Genetic makeup, and Experience) bias in study conclusions.[313] Unscientific mental health training Some observers perceive a gap between scientific theory and its application—in particular, the application of unsupported or unsound clinical practices.[314] Critics say there has been an increase in the number of mental health training programs that do not instill scientific competence.[315] Practices such as "facilitated communication for infantile autism"; memory-recovery techniques including body work; and other therapies, such as rebirthing and reparenting, may be dubious or even dangerous, despite their popularity.[316] These practices, however, are outside the mainstream practices taught in clinical psychology doctoral programs. Ethics Ethical standards in the discipline have changed over time. Some famous past studies are today considered unethical and in violation of established codes (e.g., the Canadian Code of Conduct for Research Involving Humans, and the Belmont Report). The American Psychological Association has advanced a set of ethical principles and a code of conduct for the profession.[317] The most important contemporary standards include informed and voluntary consent. After World War II, the Nuremberg Code was established because of Nazi abuses of experimental subjects. Later, most countries (and scientific journals) adopted the Declaration of Helsinki. In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health established the Institutional Review Board in 1966, and in 1974 adopted the National Research Act (HR 7724). All of these measures encouraged researchers to obtain informed consent from human participants in experimental studies. A number of influential but ethically dubious studies led to the establishment of this rule; such studies included the MIT-Harvard Fernald School radioisotope studies, the Thalidomide tragedy, the Willowbrook hepatitis study, Stanley Milgram's studies of obedience to authority, and the Stanford Prison Experiment. Ethics with Humans The ethics code of the American Psychological Association originated in 1951 as "Ethical Standards of Psychologists." This code has guided the formation of licensing laws in most American states. It has changed multiple times over the decades since its adoption, and contains both aspirational principles and binding ethical standards. The APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct consists of five General Principles, which are meant to guide psychologists to higher ethical practice where a particular standard does not apply. Those principles are: A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence - meaning the psychologists must work to benefit those they work with and "do no harm." This includes awareness of indirect benefits and harms their work might have on others due to personal, social, political, or other factors. B. Fidelity and Responsibility - an awareness of public trust in the profession and adherence to ethical standards and clarification of roles to preserve that trust. This includes managing conflicts of interest, as well as committing some portion of a psychologist's professional time to low-cost or pro bono work. C. Integrity - upholding honesty and accuracy in all psychological practices, including avoiding misrepresentations and fraud. In situations where psychologists would use deception (i.e., certain research), psychologists must consider the necessity, benefits, and harms, and mitigate any harms where possible. D. Justice - an understanding that psychology must be for everyone's benefit, and that psychologists take special care to avoid unjust practices as a result of biases or limitations of expertise. E. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity - the preservation of people's rights when working with psychologists, including confidentially, privacy, and autonomy. Psychologists should consider a multitude of factors, including a need for special safeguards for protected populations (e.g., minors, incarcerated individuals) and awareness of differences based on numerous factors, including culture, race, age, gender, and socioeconomic status. In 1989, the APA revised its policies on advertising and referral fees to negotiate the end of an investigation by the Federal Trade Commission. The 1992 incarnation was the first to distinguish between "aspirational" ethical standards and "enforceable" ones. The APA code was further revised in 2010 to prevent the use of the code to justify violating human rights, which was in response to the participation of APA members in interrogations under the administration of United States President George W. Bush.[318] Members of the public have a five-year window to file ethics complaints about APA members with the APA ethics committee; members of the APA have a three-year window.[319] The Canadian Psychological Association used the APA code until 1986, when it developed its own code drawing from four similar principles: 1) Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples, 2) Responsible Caring, 3) Integrity in Relationships, 4) Responsibility to Society.[320][321] The European Federation of Psychologist's Associations, have adopted a model code using the principles of the Canadian Code, while also drawing from the APA code.[322][323] Universities have ethics committees dedicated to protecting the rights (e.g., voluntary nature of participation in the research, privacy) and well-being (e.g., minimizing distress) of research participants. University ethics committees evaluate proposed research to ensure that researchers protect the rights and well-being of participants; an investigator's research project cannot be conducted unless approved by such an ethics committee.[324] The field of psychology also identifies certain categories of people that require additional or special protection due to particular vulnerabilities, unequal power dynamics, or diminished capacity for informed consent. This list often includes, but is not limited to, children, incarcerated individuals, pregnant women, human fetuses and neonates, institutionalized persons, those with physical or mental disabilities, and the educationally or economically disadvantaged.[325] Some of the ethical issues considered most important are the requirement to practice only within the area of competence, to maintain confidentiality with the patients, and to avoid sexual relations with them. Another important principle is informed consent, the idea that a patient or research subject must understand and freely choose a procedure they are undergoing.[319] Some of the most common complaints against clinical psychologists include sexual misconduct[319] and breaches in confidentiality or privacy.[319] Psychology ethics apply to all types of human contact in a psychologist's professional capacity, including therapy, assessment, teaching, training, work with research subjects, testimony in courts and before government bodies, consulting, and statements to the public or media pertaining to matters of psychology.[317] Ethics with other animals Research on other animals is governed by university ethics committees. Research on nonhuman animals cannot proceed without permission of the ethics committee, of the researcher's home institution. Ethical guidelines state that using non-human animals for scientific purposes is only acceptable when the harm (physical or psychological) done to animals is outweighed by the benefits of the research.[326] Psychologists can use certain research techniques on animals that could not be used on humans. Comparative psychologist Harry Harlow drew moral condemnation for isolation experiments on rhesus macaque monkeys at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the 1970s.[327] The aim of the research was to produce an animal model of clinical depression. Harlow also devised what he called a "rape rack", to which the female isolates were tied in normal monkey mating posture.[328] In 1974, American literary critic Wayne C. Booth wrote that, "Harry Harlow and his colleagues go on torturing their nonhuman primates decade after decade, invariably proving what we all knew in advance—that social creatures can be destroyed by destroying their social ties." He writes that Harlow made no mention of the criticism of the morality of his work.[329] Animal research is influential in psychology, while still being debated among academics. The testing of animals for research has led to medical breakthroughs in human medicine. Many psychologists argue animal experimentation is essential for human advancement, but must be regulated by the government to ensure ethicality.

渴愛와 섹스 +22원등급 박종권 서술 상천연합 ---------------------------------- 갈애와 섹스의 상관관계를 놓고 지금까지의 경험과 목격관찰분석연구 및 그림들의 정보를 종합해보건대, 지구인들의 섹스는, 규정된 도덕율, 윤리율에 의존해야 한다로서 판단되었다 우리가 관찰해본 결과는, 규정된 규율, 도덕율, 윤리율 및 법,제도,관습 및 고래의 가르침을 위배위반하여, 이건희같은 놈이 만든 섹스마법 혹은 부정정사, 부정정교, 부정사음, 부정섹스, 부정결혼등에 몰입할 경우, 그 의식과 정신들 그리고 혼백과 영혼들이 짐승상태로 퇴행된다는 점을 발견한다. 원본래적으로는 휴만종족계열 혹은 인간류,인류차원의 섹스라는 것은, 그와 같이 행할때는, 인간으로서의 존엄성을 상실한다는 점, 그리고 짐승상태로 퇴행된다는 점, 그리고 그러한 상태로 퇴행되었을 경우에는, 인육을 상식하고 즐기며, 고급스런 음식으로서 인간류, 사람, 휴만종족류계열의 아종들을 먹잇감으로 삼는, 식인공룡들과 식인파충류들에게 아주 손쉽게 사냥되어 비참한 지경으로 떨어진다는 무서운 현실들이다. 일단, 그 의식과 정신상태가 짐승상태를 지나서 아예 미물, 버러지 상태까지 벌레상태로 전락한다. 우리가 목격관찰한바로는, 파충류종족류로서의 식인파충류들이 개발한 인육연화제가 바로 섹스쾌감,오르가즘류와 유사한 쾌락들이다. 그 쾌락들은, 이건희같은 놈이 개발한 섹스마법에서 만들어지는데, 우리가 보건대는, 사람을 죽일때 분비되는 죽음의 호르몬분비물을 기초자원으로 만들고 있고, 인육을 상식하려고 인간류,사람의 혼백과 정신,의식을 타락퇴행시키는 이른바 간질병, 지랄발작병에서 유도되는 지랄병호르몬을 병행하는 것으로 보인다. 게다가, 흑마법을 악용하여, 영혼을 마비시키고, 영혼을 속이고 기망한다. 그러니까, 사람을 죽이고 죽음의 순간에 분비되는 죽음의 호르몬들과 지랄병에서 유도된 지랄병호르몬들 그리고 영혼을 마비시키고, 짐승영으로 퇴행시키는 아틀란티스급, 라마제국급, 고비사막의 뮤제국급의 이른바 다이몬, 디몬술수가 병행된 것이 이건희 씨발놈이 개발한 섹스마법이며, 부정정사인 것이다. 이들이 부정정사를 좃빠지게 즐기고도, 아무런 이상이 없는 이유는(만일 사람이라면, 짐승버러지가 되고 음옥,지옥에 빠지며, 무서운 일을 당하지만 요 새끼들은 아무런 이상이 없다) 이들이 사람이 아니라서 그렇다는 점, 그리고 이른바 식인파충류급인데, 그게 보통 인간세상에서 말하는 마왕급이거나, 혹은 어둠의 권세급(파워 오브 다크니스 Power of Darkness)이거나 더 나아가면, 어둠의 군주급(Lord of Darkness)이거나, Diabolic급이라는 점에서이다. 이들의 기본인식은, 원본능성이며, 이른바 12DNA로 강화된 인류차원의 세상과는 전혀 다른 아수라차원, 초극렬지옥차원에서의 인식체를 가지며, 모든 일을 원본능성(제18지옥계, 반주, 반우주차원)에 기초하여 인식하고 행하기 때문에 아무리 좃같은 짓을 해도 그 인식에는 변함이 없는 이유인 것이다. 그 원본능성이란, 이른바 12DNA로 초절정강화된 별개인식체들이며, 높게는 무려 24DNA급으로서, 불과 2DNA에 불과한 인간류, 삼천대천계로서의 생명체들이 상상조차 하기 어려울 정도로 강하며, 삼천대천계내에서의 일은 휴지조각처럼 여기며, 그 어떤 짓을 해도 전혀 무방할정도로 초절정으로 강한 놈들이 바로 이 반주, 디아볼릭, 식인파충류들인 것이다. 그래서 뭔짓을 해도 영향이 없다 하지만, 일단 중생으로서 살고자 사람이 된 존재들에게는 무시무시한 재앙이 찾아온다. 마거릿힐다대처가 무려 650인과 부정정사를 즐기고, 저 악독한 power of darkness세계인 플레이아데스에서조차도 난잡으로 규정되지만, 이 사람은 전혀 아무런 이상도 없고, 정상적인 정치인으로서 활동하고 있다. 이 사람들이 그런 사람들이다. 영국여왕 엘리자베스2세도 마찬가지다. 마거릿과 유사한 난잡수준 바로 직전까지 가지만 전혀 이상이 없다. 하지만 이들은 식인파충류들이며, 어둠의 권세들이다. 마왕보다 더 높다. 그러니 아무리 그런 짓을 해도 이상이 없는 이유이다. 이건희놈도 마찬가지다. 특히 이건희는, 사람이 아니며, 악마인데, 근원을 보면, 디몬급 악마이다. demon급이란, 악마는 악마이지만, 사람사는 세상에서의 악마가 아니고, 적어도 아틀란티스급이상에서의 악마를 말한다. 여기서 말하는 사람이란 중생을 말한다. 중생범주내에서의 사람을 말하는 것이고, 제4우주급의 사람과는 다른 의미이다. 제4우주급 사람들은 보통 아르핫이라고 부르고 아르하트, 아라한이라고 부르기도 하는 수준을 말한다. 하지만 똑같은 사람이라고 말한다. 디몬Demon이란, 일반적으로 사탄이라고 말해지는 악마와는 다른데, 오욕칠정에 사로잡히고, 부귀공명, 부귀호사, 부귀영화, 음락에 사로잡히는 중생계와는 다른, 그런 것에는 무관한 더 높은 상급계에서의 악마를 디몬이라고 부르는 것이다. 물론, 음락은 약간 다른데, 요 어둠의 권세급들도 음락에 몰두하는 경우가 종종 있기에 그렇다. 하지만 이건 이들이 사람으로서 살아본적이 없고 사람과는 전혀 다른 체계에서 살았기로 음락이 뭔지 도무지 모르다가 알면 사람보다 수백배 더 즐기는 것을 말한다. 심지어는 제2차은하대전급 혹은 그 이상급들도 음락이 뭔지 알면 사람보다 더 환장해서 즐기는 것을 목격관찰한다. 말데크악룡도 음락을 최고도로 즐기는 것을 목격관찰하는데, 이들이 사람으로서 산적이 없어서 그렇다는 점이다. Demon이라는 놈은, 칼융이 말했던 이른바 Dimon의 화신이다. 권세를 추구하고 패권을 추구하고 영웅심을 부추긴다. 게다가 등급상승 영광된 우주제왕을 주장하는 잡놈을 디몬이라고 부르는 것이다. 게다가 이 씹새끼가 영구복락까지 주창한다. 그게 디몬이다. 부정정사를 개발하고, 휴만종족류,사람의 섹스사랑체계까지 똥오물로 범벅시킨 놈은 이건희놈이다. 그리고 이 씨팔놈이 사람의 섹스체계를 관장하는 영역차원까지 나,박종권이의 선업공덕, 선등급 +22원등급을 사칭하고 잠입하여 사람의 섹스체계를 간파하고, 똥오물로 뒤범벅을 만드는 짓을 한 놈이다. 그게 부정정사이다. 우리가 이렇게 된 것은, 인류전체의 불행이다. 어리석고 유치한 놈들이 아닐수 없다. 이건희놈을 영구영원조년작두사형처벌할것 이건희놈을 영구영속조년작두사형처벌할것 이건희놈을 영구영겁조년작두사형처벌할것 이건희놈을 영구영구조년작두사형처벌할것 이건희놈을 영구무한반복작두사형처벌할것 이건희놈을 영구무시무종작두사형처벌할것 이건희놈을 영구영원조년배후추적하여 전신을 결박구속하고 영원토록 감시하고 제재할것의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 섹스라는 것은, 일반적으로 죄가 없고 있다고 해도 어느 범주내에 있다면, 누구나 어느정도 합당한 선에서 만족을 얻을수 있다. 일반적으로 죄가 없거나 있어도 허용범주내에 있다면 누구나 다 통하는 배우자를 얻거나 섹스파트너 애인을 얻거나 해서 무리없이 만족을 얻고, 나눔과 소통을 할수 있는 것이며 그것은 누구나 다 해당되는 기본권리인 것이다. 나는 갈애와 불만족의 고통에 시달렸는데, 나처럼 갈애나 불만족의 고통을 당한다는 것은 실제로는 엄청난 죄를 지은 중죄인의 경우나 간혹 해당되고 거의 없는 일이다. 하지만 말데크악룡놈이 나를 이렇게 만드는데, 주도한 놈은 이건희놈이다. 이 씨팔놈이 나를 죽이려는 목적으로서 난행,음행을 한 놈이다. 이 새끼가 원본래로는 악마이고 파충류놈으로서 실제로는 섹스가 뭔지 다 알고, 또 그렇게 욕구하는 놈이 아니다. 하지만, 미친 놈처럼 난음,난행,음행하고 수백인을 처첩으로 삼는데, 그게 알고보니, 나를 원본래로 하여 발을 걸고 내가 한 것으로 처리하는 술수로서 자행했다는 점이다. 즉, 나는 갈애에 시달리고 불만족속에서 고통받는데, 요걸 악용해서 나의 충족되지 못한 욕구나 음욕,성욕들을 갈취해서 고걸 들고나가서 내가 한 것으로 처리하면서 최대한 미친놈처럼 즐긴다. 이유를 보면, 이 새끼가 즐기려고 그런 것이 아니다. 나를 죽이려고 그런 것이라는 점이다. 원본래적으로 악마라는 존재는 인간이나 중생처럼 오욕칠정이나 무슨 욕구같은 것이 없다. 게다가 파충류종족류도 마찬가지다. 이 섹스에 대한 갈구나 욕구라는 것은 오로지 포유영장류로서의 인류,인간류, 중생범주로서의 사람들이나 가지는 것이지, 악마,마귀,파충류급은 아예 그런게 없다. 특히 파충류들은, 알을 까고 난생을 하고 냉음하다. 인간류,중생범주의 사람처럼 뭐 섹스를 원하고 그런 것이 아예 없다. 만일 그렇게 한다면 그건 사람을 잡아 처먹으려고 그러는 것이다. 즉, 인간에게는 섹스쾌감으로 오인되도록 위조된 식인파동인식을 사람에게 가하고, 사람은 그걸 섹스쾌감으로 오인하는데, 실제로는 식인연화제로서 식인유인제로서 사람류,인류,중생범주내의 포유영장류적사람들을 유인하는 술수이지 그게 섹스쾌감이 아니다. 그리고 그런 범주로서 이건희새끼가 개발한 섹스마법이다. 게다가 고걸 한번 하면 미쳐죽는데, 이유를 보면, 죽음의 분비물(죽음의 최고위기와 고통의 순간에 분비되는 이 호르몬을 무서운 고통에서 벗어나려는 마지막 몸부림으로서 최고절정의 어떤 것을 느끼게 해주는 것이다.)과 지랄병을 유발하는 호르몬(지랄병이란 도저히 자기를 감내하지 못하고 미쳐발광하게 만드는 호르몬같은 류들로서 유도된다)을 병행하여 나오는 결과이다. 미쳐발광하게 만들고 한번 하면 미쳐서 죽는 것이 그런 이유이다. 그러나 그렇게 미쳐죽은 경험을 반복하면서 어느사이에 그 사람이 짐승으로 퇴행하고, 나중에는 버러지 미물이 되고 똥덩어리같은 존재가 되는데, 그게 바로 식인고깃덩어리로 전락됨을 말하는 것이다.의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것